Queen Elizabeth The Golden Age - 2051 Words

â€Å"Of myself I must say this, I was never any greedy, scraping grasper, nor a strait, fast- holding prince, nor yet a waster. My heart was never set on worldly goods but for my subjects’ good† (Queen Elizabeth I). Elizabeth Tudor was a talented, wise, and dedicated Queen of England who did everything in her power for her subjects and her country. With a lack of husband, she was only ever married to her country because she wanted peace and to do right by her country during her reign. England prospered remarkably to the point that the Queen’s reign is known as The Golden Age. Queen Elizabeth is arguably the best monarch to have ever ruled England gaining her subjects love and loyalty, â€Å"No monarch became as popular as Elizabeth or won such loyalty from the people† (British History pg 100). Born on September 7, 1533 in GreenWich Palace, United Kingdom was the beloved daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Elizabeth was Henry VIII’s second child, the eldest being Mary I, Elizabeth’s half sister. Growing up Queen Elizabeth had a harsh childhood consisting of the death of her mother, getting her title stripped, and the death of her father. Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s second wife and a Protestant, was executed when Elizabeth was barely older than two and a half years old. She was beheaded on the orders of the King on May 19, 1536 because she was accused of committing adultery and conspiracy, this was probably due the fact that King Henry VIII wanted a son and Anne Boleyn onlyShow MoreRelatedQueen Elizabeth: Golden Age1406 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth’s Golden Age Elizabeth was Queen of England from 1558-1603. During that time England was a strong country and she was a successful queen. Many people thought Elizabeth would not last long without a powerful husband but they were proved wrong. In fact Elizabeth was very clever in not choosing a husband. She didn’t choose a husband because she didn’t want anybody taking over her throne. There were four men that she could have married but said no to. The first man was Philip of Spain. PhilipRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I : The Golden Age Of The Elizabethan Era1000 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Elizabethan Era as one of the times when England was very close to achieving a golden age. While living under Queen Elizabeth did bring about troubles, such as an extreme system of punishment and quarrels with the Catholics, the Elizabethan Era was a time of peace and prosperity, heavily contrasting life before and after Elizabeth’s reign. In a time when England was almost about to tear itself apart, Queen Elizabeth I came to power and improved the situation. Her influence led to political, culturalRead MoreThe Role Of Queen Elizabeth I And Queen Elizabeth I1271 Words   |  6 Pagesgrand total of 66 monarchs, all varying in historical importance. Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria are two great monarchs still remembered today. Both women were influential figures who coined their own eras. Queen Elizabeth I influenced the Golden Age, bringing learned arts and education into popularity. The Victorian era became known as an age of great wealth and expansion for the British Empire which is attributed to Queen Victoria’s reign. What made these seemingly ordinary women become someRead MoreAnalysis Of Kapur s Elizabeth : The Golden Age1262 Words   |  6 PagesShekhar Kapur s Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) centers around Queen Elizabeth I of England and the multiple crises she endured twenty-seven years into her reign. The film provides a wonderful cinematic experience through astounding performances and gorgeous costuming and scenery. Unfortunately, as many Hollywood portrayals of history, its enthralling plot is achieved at the expense of historical correctness. The film takes liberties with its account of history, making alterations to the importantRead MoreElizabeth The First Was The Queen Of England And Ireland1692 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth the First was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1603. She was the final and fifth monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth had many talents, which enabled her to be a capable, strong leader. For many reasons Elizabeth was one of the most notable personalities of Tudor, one being that she kept stability in a nation that was troubled with political and religious rebellion. Against the pressures of parliament she maintained authority of the crown. She was able to transform England’sRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era: Years of Grand Development838 Words   |  3 Pagesexploration, etc. Queen Elizabeth I ruled England for 45 years, time in which the Golden Age occurred. The term â€Å"Golden Age,† refers t o the many developments that took place within these years. These developments ranged from many aspects. The Elizabethan Age is a dominant time period in England’s history because arts began to flourish, theatre was born, and famous playwright William Shakespeare began his successful career. Initially, Queen Elizabeth’s reign is referred to as the Golden Age; a time whereRead MoreAn Extremely Brief Biography of Queen Elizabeth I1334 Words   |  5 PagesOn this day in history, March 24, 1603, Queen Elizabeth the first dies, leaving the throne to King James VI of Scotland. Within her reign Elizabeth enforced Protestant religion. In 1587, she had Queen Mary executed, and her conflict continued with the Roman Catholic Spain, and victoriously defeated the Spanish Armada. The Elizabethan age flourished with commerce, literature, arts, and geographical exploration. Elizabeth’s father, King Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in hopes that Boleyn would bareRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era715 Words   |  3 Pagesnamed after Queen Elizabeth I, is often referred to as the Golden Age of England. It was a time of great change for England. It was a time of new ideas and new ways of thinking. William Shakespeare played an enormous role in the Elizabethan theatre; his unique writing style in â€Å"The Taming of The Shrew† influenced modern day literature. Queen Elizabeth played a huge role in the Elizabethan era (â€Å"Queen†). The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is referred to as The Golden Age (â€Å"Queen†). Elizabeth was the daughterRead MoreThe Elizabethan Er The Golden Age Of English History1527 Words   |  7 Pages 2015 The Elizabethan Era is depicted as the golden age in English history.   This age was marked as a renaissance which inspired English exploration, international expansion and naval triumph over England’s hated Spanish enemies ( Elizabethan Era.). Queen Elizabeth I was queen from 1558 until her death in 1603, marking the Elizabethan Era.   Her father was King Henry VIII, who ruled from 1509 until his death in 1547, and was succeeded by Elizabeth s siblings Edward and Mary. Her father’s reignRead MorePlay Flourishing in Elizabethan Era and a Review of Christopher Marlow’s Play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus678 Words   |  3 Pagesrule of Elizabeth I. The whole period of her reign, from 1558 to 1603, is called Elizabethan age and is known for being the greatest period in the history of English literature, so as the golden age of English drama. Since the number of plays was growing, lots of theaters were opened and made art more available to average peo ple. Historical events influenced plays and made Marlowe to ‘rebel’ against social order and Christianity through his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. Queen Elizabeth

College Is A Waste Of Time And Money - 900 Words

Many students are always forced and pressured into the idea that you have to go to college. Students are told that college is the only way you’ll ever get a good job. But, according to Caroline Bird, that is not the case. In Caroline Bird’s essay, â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money†,she argues that a college education may not be the best choice for all high school graduates. She thinks that students should not be forced into college if they do not what to. College should only be for people who truly want to learn. I agree with Bird’s claim about how college education may not be the best choice for all high school graduates because it is not for everyone, may not prepare everyone, and there are other ways to make money money than having a bachelor’s degree to do so. Students that do not want to go to college should not be forced to go. Think about it, college is not the most happiest place in the world. The students you see around the college campus are mostly stressed out or sad. But, why are they sad? They should be happy that they are getting a higher education and working to get a good paying job. The truth is students are sad because they are not needed. According to Bird’s essay, she says that between the nursery and the employment office, they become unwanted adults. People are not against these young adults, they just do not know what to do with them. So, they get them out of the way by sending them to college, which only a few belong. These people foolShow MoreRelatedCollege is a waste of time and money1196 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Sorayah Vuningoma Professor Scott English 101 Rough Draft College is a waste of time and money In Caroline Bird, â€Å"College is a waste of time and money,† Bird discusses why college is not necessary for everyone. She states that many college students are in college not because they want to but because they have to. Bird came to realize that college students don’t feel needed. They are led to believe that getting a college degree is important because it’s a way of getting higher chance ofRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money991 Words   |  4 Pages(Campbell). Some people believe that this statement holds much truth about what happens after high school, while others have confidence in their decision that college is the route to go. In the essay, â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money,† Caroline Bird conveys the notion that perhaps parents and students should reconsider the idea of college. She attempts to execute this idea by using several rhetorical strategies such as empirical and anecdotal evidence. However, this approach is flaw ed, and throughoutRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money853 Words   |  4 PagesHigh School in Valley Steam, New York, interviewed 300 college students at random and 200 of them didn’t think that the education they were getting was worth the effort.† (Bird 220). The idea of continuing education after graduating high school can be very questionable for some students. Many students side with Caroline Bird and her theory that education serves very little purpose in the job market in her essay â€Å"College Is a Waste of Time and Money†. But inevitably, students believe that post-secondaryRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money1261 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years, college has been the place almost every student is expected to go. With it’s temptation of earning a higher education, and the segway into living an independent life, it’s simply a dream for students with big dreams. In the article I will be picking apart, Caroline Bird quest ions if it’s really worth it in the end. In the essay College is a Waste of Time and Money, the author argues about how much a college degree is truly worth anymore. â€Å"After interviewing 300 college students at randomRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money1096 Words   |  5 Pages The amount of money spent on one year alone of college can break someone’s heart. For most people college gets them to where they want to be, but with hard work and dedication going to work right after high school can take you a long way. Getting out of high school and starting a career early might be what some people want, but college is always an option with all the help they have today. College is a waste of time and money for a couple reasons. The fact that you spend 13 years in school justRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money1138 Words   |  5 Pages The amount of money spent in one year of college can break someone’s heart. For most people college gets them to where they want to be in life, but with hard work and dedication going to work right after high school can take you a long way. Getting out of high school and starting a career early might be what some people want, but college is always an option with all the help we have today. With whatever decision people take in life, I believe they need to love their job. At that point in theirRead MoreCollege Is The Waste Of Time And Money1502 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"College is the Waste of Time and Money†, author Caroline Bird argues that college is not better suited for those who are looking to be financially successful. This is based on the facts of a low turnover ratio of students in colleges and universities and calculation that money spent on college would have yield higher returns from other businesses such as new venture and start-up companies. Bird urge s us not to spend time and money on colleges and universities. It is true that colleges and universitiesRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money2333 Words   |  10 Pagesarticles. In a 1975 article titled â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† Bird makes a logical argument against the benefits of education for the masses. Despite arguing against a college education, Bird, on the other hand, held a master’s degree and taught at Vassar College in New York, the same school she graduated. According to U.S. News World Report (2015), â€Å"Vassar College s ranking in the 2015 edition of Best Colleges is National Liberal Arts Colleges, 11. Its tuition and fees are $49,570Read MoreCollege Is a Waste of Time and Money Essays777 Words   |  4 PagesCaroline Bird’s essay â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† explains her beliefs on why, for some people, going to college is an ineffective and inefficient use of their time. She states that man y students do not belong in college because they are there for the wrong reasons and they are not happy learning. She also gives evidence to suggest that going to college and getting a degree does not actually allows a person to make more money in their life time. Her final claim is that college does not prepareRead MoreCollege Is A Waste Of Time And Money By Caroline Bird1287 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Strategies in Bird’s â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money† The decision to obtain a higher education beyond high school is no longer a question of if, but when. This is the question that author Caroline Bird discusses in her article, â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money,† written in 1975. This text strives to convince students, parents, and advisors that obtaining a degree might not be in the best interest for those involved. Circling around the idea that college is requirement and no longer

Listing and Speaking Free Essays

Skill Development: Fear of public speaking http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=a56v2PSUQy8feature=related Proactive = controlling a situation by making things happen or by preparing for possible future problems Myth = an idea or story that is believed by many people but that is not true Come across = to make a particular impression Overwhelming = something that is so confusing or difficult Optimal = best or most effective Profound = major, significant Intimate = having a very close relationship Overcompensating = trying to make up for something that is lacking or bad by doing too much of something else Rehearse = to say or do (something) several times in order to practice Backfire = to have the opposite result of what was desired or expected Interpretation: Keys to Successful Interpreting: Consecutive Interpretation Note-taking http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Listing and Speaking or any similar topic only for you Order Now youtube. om/watch? v=ddRk2pvzsVQ Rambling = lengthy Incomprehensible = beyond your understanding Furiously = rapidly Decipher = make sense of Scribble = scrawl = jot down Groping around = searching blindly or uncertainly Consign = transfer Delegate = a person who speaks or acts on behalf of an organization at a meeting or conference Encapsulate = summarize Hindrance = obstacle Politics: Palestine http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=qANkb5hUUfo Resolution = decision |Contend = argue | |Confrontation = conflict |Negotiate = discuss | |Implicit = hidden |Accountability = responsibility | |Partition = separation |Demolish = destroy | |envisage = imagine |Get away with = escape | |Territory = area |To be held accountable = held responsible | |Disputed = undecided |swirling = twisting | Linguistics: Language acquisition http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=pmsQJfyVrr0feature=related instinctively = intuitively |species = basic category of biological classification | |isolate = separate |defect = a shortcoming, fault, or imperfection | |multitude = large number |mutation = change or alteration | |cognitive = mental |disorder = a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions | |breakthrough = sudden discovery |version = a particular form or variant of something | Technology India Launches World’s Cheapest Tablet Computer for 50$ http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=oQXQVuaJ43o;feature=related sneak peek = an opportunity to see something before it is officially available gadget = small device or machine with a particular purpose port = in computers: a data connection in a computer to which a peripheral device or a transmission line from a remote terminal can be attached. HD= high definition = a system which produces very good quality television images in greater detail than ordinary systems Debate: How to Change http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=zSb5BmIfNhI maverick |unconventional person | |entrepreneur |capitalist | |leap |jump | |rash |reckless | |enhance |improve | |attribute |quality | |philanthropy |charity | Religion and Culture convert |change | |committed |devoted | |preach |give a sermon | |polish |improve | |by the stack |a great deal | |unequivocally |clearly | |manuscript |document | |authentic |true – original |salvation |saving | |embrace |accept | Positive Psychology How to be Happy: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=ilry-1-ucnA;feature=related pursue = continue elusive = hard to find fugitive = difficult to get evolutionary = gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form ingrained = very difficult to change propensity = a strong natural tendency to do something mechanism = a process or system that is used to produce a particular result o endure = to continue going through something unpleasant sustain = to provide what is needed for (something or someone) to exist hedonic treadmill = the tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness genetic set point = baseline habituating = make or become accustomed or used to something. hard wired = functions that are innate and unlearned in living systems lottery savoring = enjoying mindfulness = being aware of fruition = realization virtues = good and moral behavior analogy = a comparison of two things sensation = a particular feeling or effect that your body experiences cultivate = to improve or develop How to cite Listing and Speaking, Papers

Code Of Ethics For Morality Approaches †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Code Of Ethics For Morality Approaches. Answer: Introduction The code of ethics is based on the morality approaches followed by the people in order to lead a good life. The most important consideration undertaken by the people is based on the perspectives of morality, which varies from person to person. The ethics govern the behavior of the people and therefore help in maintaining the behavior in order to make use of the good life. The dishonesty in terms of cheating creates a serious impact on the society and the individuals. The consciousness of the individuals affects the sense of guilt and afterwards the individuals realize the little earned favors of the dishonest practices they undertook. The people implement the modified moralities in order to enjoy the benefits that they expect out of the moralities. In order to implement the modifications people undertake many dishonest means. The interest of the people, according to the book by Ariely, influences the methods of dishonesty undertaken by the people[1]. The important consideration that is being undertaken by the people is based on the concepts of the change that the people undertake in considering the level of dishonesty. The book enumerates various examples that are being cited by the author in order to make the readers understand the level of the dishonesty that man adheres to and the modifications in the ethical systems undertaken by the people[2]. Discussion In this context, the Canadian government had undertaken steps in order to reduce the fishing practices in order to conserve the marine biodiversity. The most important consideration undertaken by the government is based on the requirements of the stable biodiversity and the issues that are being faced by the species falling in the belt[3]. The sudden shift from the ethics occurred due to the exercise undertaken by the boat captain through the diligent activities. The shift is based on the culture that involves high levels of dishonesty among the member of the team. The culture also influences the habits of pretention. It helps in the clear understanding of the peoples objectives on the subject. A question of ethics The rationally experienced captains are undertaking the exercise based on the principle of their dishonesty, which is born out of the honesty they try to portray. The discretion of the captains in the matter is an important factor that influences the decision making process of the captains[4]. It affects the ethics that are being followed by the governments control over the fishing activities. It overlaps the ethics to the extent of modifying the ethics and thereby cheating on the same. Ethics constitute of the moral principles that binds the activities of the people at large. Therefore, the psychological evidence that is being enumerated in the prescribed book helps in the shifts of the behavioral patterns of the captains relating to fishing. The norms that are being formulated by the government strictly restrict the fishing activities based on the quantity that is to be fished. Whereas, the behavioral pattern of cheating despite of the norms that are being formulated is the basic c onsideration that can be observed through the incident. Destructive professional behaviors of the captains may be due to the dishonesty and the fallacy they are into of cheating the enterprise for private gains. The behavioral traits help in determining the level of the dishonesty that the individuals incorporate. The government control over the resources helped in retaining the stock of the fish, that helped in both ways- redeeming the stock of the fish and conserving the biodiversity of the region thereof. The most important consideration that is being undertaken by the government is based on the economic conditions and the availability of the resources. The most important phenomenon that worked well with the action of the government is based on the consideration of the conservation and the sustainable approach of the government in order top retains the economic conditions of the nation. Effective governmental control incorporates important steps that must be taken in order to ensure the conservation of the biodiversity that is being challenged by the excessive fishing activities. The maintenance of the fish stocks has helped the Canadian government in maintaining the economic and the social conditions at the same time. The enforcement of the Acts in the year 1960 and 1970 have helped the government in taking significant measures for the government to conserve the endangered species not compromising with the living conditions of the communities and the stakeholders[5]. The fisheries were granted license by which they were entitled to draw their resources on a given range over the ocean. It helped in maintaining the biodiversity of the area. Therefore, it makes a significant progress for the economic growth of the fisheries. The maintenance of the stocks of fish is an important consideration that is being undertaken by the federal government in order to make sure that the economic growth is not hampered by the diminishing rate of fishing. The legal action taken by the federal government has improved the quality of living of the anglers and their families. The reduction in the rate of the anglers helped in stabilizing the economic upheaval that the fishermen community faced[6]. The economic issues being settled, the stakeholder options were proclaimed and pronounced a fixed remuneration of the employees. The reduction in the number of fishermen through the enforcement of the registration and the introduction of the fishing license have helped in conserving the marine diversity as well [7]. Quota and penalty The most important consideration that the government can take on the basis of conserving the life force of the diversity is based on the aspects of the fishing activities that are being undertaken by the Canadian federal government. The fishing activities are affecting the livelihood of many fisherman and their income. The income of the fisherman also gets involved in the governmental structure, therefore the growing needs of the organizational control was required in order to make sure that the proper governance and enforcements were made[8]. It helped the government in having a strict control over the legislation of the fisheries. The most important consideration undertaken by the government is based on the equal opportunities that are being provided to the fishermen. Therefore, in order to receive the utmost of the remuneration, for its own purposes, have initiated the control over the fisheries. The control of the federal government over the fisheries and the storage of the stock have helped in improving the economic conditions of the country. The government has undertaken the enforcement of the act based on the conservation of the biodiversity and the loss of habitat. On the other hand, the non-registered fisherman making use of the resources is being another issue faced by the government[9]. The unregistered fishermen had no provisions for paying their royalty to their government. Therefore, the government enforced strict regulations regarding the fishing activities. The enforcement of such activities have helped in improving the economic condition of the region. On the other hand, it created unemployment for the unregistered fishermen. The registered fishermen paid their taxes and therefore, they stocked up in order to hold on to the market. The most important concept of enforcing a norm is to make it universal. the norm forms the important part in the conservation process. Therefore, in order to make use of the services, the governmental control is an important point. The basic decision making power of the fisherman can be enhanced through the proper understanding of the norms that the fisherman must follow in order to conserve the biodiversity and on the same time create considerable revenue in the process[10]. The most important consideration that is being undertaken by the fisherman while judging on fishing the species is based on the sustainable approach. The sustainable approach of the fisherman will help in making long term profits. it helps ion holding on to the market. Based on the book that is being referred in this context of the discussion the dishonest practices yield very little outcome for the people and therefore adhering to the dishonest practices might affect the livelihood of the individual and the com munity at large[11]. The ethical point of view is undertaken while considering the society as a whole in order to make sure that the communities are not affected by the practices that are being undertaken by the fisherman. Proposal of changes Penalizing the accused is an important step that is being taken by the government in order to ensure that the law is properly addressed and adhered. In order to make sure that the legislation that is being enforced on the people are being followed by the people, the government exercises the penalty activity[12]. Penalizing the families acquiring large boats can be effective in order to enforce control over the fishing activities undertaken by the families. The dishonest practices undertaken by the families are therefore penalized. The government has summed up the various elements of the economy in order to make use of the concepts and marketing strategies that make up the economic structure of the nation. It is therefore the best way through which the government can gain control over the dishonest behaviors of the fisherman acquiring large fishing boats. Although the fish is a product that is available in nature and human is free to use the resource as per the requirements[13]. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the government enforced the control in order to conserve the biodiversity and thereby adhere to the needs of the consumers in this regards. The penalizing activities help in making the law more effective as the people are bound to follow the law as long as they themselves do not desire to be penalized for their actions. The diminishing biodiversity have led to the rise of the regulation that are being framed by the government in order to ensure the conservation of the biodiversity for its usage in the long run[14]. The penalties that are being enumerated by the government is v based on the requirements of the fisherman and their growing needs to hold on to the stock is being addressed through the actions taken by the government control. The penalizing action helped in redeeming the stock and therefore helped in the perpetual growth process of the economic structure. The most important consideration is based on the licensing part, which helped in un dertaking the right kind of actions and retaining the fish stock within a limited range of people[15]. References Ariely, D., Jones, S. (2012).The (honest) Truth about Dishonesty: How We Lie to Everyone, Especially Ourselves(Vol. 336). New York, NY: HarperCollins. Bryan, C. J., Adams, G. S., Monin, B. (2013). When cheating would make you a cheater: Implicating the self prevents unethical behavior.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,142(4), 1001. Bucciol, A., Landini, F., Piovesan, M. (2013). Unethical behavior in the field: Demographic characteristics and beliefs of the cheater.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,93, 248-257. Cashin, R. (2017).Fisheries Policy.The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 November 2017, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fisheries-policy/ Fosgaard, T. R., Hansen, L. G., Piovesan, M. (2013). Separating Will from Grace: An experiment on conformity and awareness in cheating.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,93, 279-284. Hilbig, B. E., Hessler, C. M. (2013). What lies beneath: How the distance between truth and lie drives dishonesty.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(2), 263-266. Hilbig, B. E., Moshagen, M., Zettler, I. (2015). Truth will out: Linking personality, morality, and honesty through indirect questioning.Social Psychological and Personality Science,6(2), 140-147. Irlenbusch, B., Villeval, M. C. (2015). Behavioral ethics: how psychology influenced economics and how economics might inform psychology?.Current Opinion in Psychology,6, 87-92. Levine, E. E., Schweitzer, M. E. (2014). Are liars ethical? On the tension between benevolence and honesty.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,53, 107-117. Mulder, L. B., Aquino, K. (2013). The role of moral identity in the aftermath of dishonesty.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,121(2), 219-230. Robert, I., Arnab, M. (2013). Is dishonesty contagious?.Economic Inquiry,51(1), 722-734. Rosenbaum, S. M., Billinger, S., Stieglitz, N. (2014). Lets be honest: A review of experimental evidence of honesty and truth-telling.Journal of Economic Psychology,45, 181-196. Van't Veer, A., Stel, M., van Beest, I. (2014). Limited Capacity to Lie: Cognitive Load Interferes with Being Dishonest. Yaniv, G., Siniver, E. (2016). The (honest) truth about rational dishonesty.Journal of Economic Psychology,53, 131-140.

Jaskiran Sidhu Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Jaskiran Sidhu Jay Shelat Eng. 101-11 August 21, 2017 Art narrative Growing up my life wasn't so picture perfect in comparison to the kids growing up around me, the artwork or song choice that best describes me would be the song The loudest silence by Maurice Moore. Moore describes a couple who broke up because of an unfaithful partner, in this case, was the man, what actually happens mentally to him and his emotional process to get over it. The song starts off with audio clips from the show How I Met Your Mother, as the main character describing what love is.The song is so raw and shows how much Moore or the man understands his wrong doing and how it inflicted so much pain on not only him but his significant other. Going back to my childhood, I grew up in a divorced household. I never truly understood what love was.I grew up only knowing to push love or anything of that nature to that away. Which is why i was drawn to the song, it presents the argument of why we need love and how it mentally and emotionally affects someone is they lack this in their life as well mistakes are meant to be learned from. Why I personally like this song is that it comes from one of my favorite tv shows but also there aren't many songs that have such a slow tempo and also how easily and perfectly he has put both his music and the audio clips together. Again it defines perfectly what love is, how to know it is something worth keeping and after realizing your wrong doings whether it is cheating, lying or anything, you could always make an attempt to fix the situation. Love is not taught but is learned. Mistakes are made and we can only learn from them.

Another Evening At The Club Essay Sample Essay Example

Another Evening At The Club Essay Sample Essay Example Another Evening At The Club Essay Sample Paper Another Evening At The Club Essay Sample Paper The title Another Evening at the Club is indeed close to me meaning of Just Another Evening at the Club because at the end of this story Samia the wife shows that she has empathy towards Gazia (young servant)for what she and her husband have done to her. They in a sense through a mistake have ruined Gazias reputation in town, she is being questioned by the police and will be ashamed in front of the whole town for a crime she actually did not commit. Samia is showing remorse by the narrator saying that her body was trembling uncontrollably thats what happens to you when you live with guilt I believe. And yet within a few minutes Samia and Abboud Bey gather themselves and decide to go out to the club for supper. So point being that life goes on for them as normal Just Another Evening at the Club but in reality they had changed someone elses life forever†¦. I believe that the author wants the readers to understand is what was actually lost here was life. I also believe that the narrator and Abdul-Karim was never able to get that rematch of the swimming contest, and in the meantime they also lost someone who could give them valuable information about the Arabs enemies so no one really wins. Even though if you think about it Abdul just may have been the winner here since he was not being secretive (yet) and he died an innocent man, also having withheld info. needed to help the Arabs. The narrator actually led a secretive life with the secret army, and Abdul tried to live his life to the biggest extent. I believe that the most important lesson that the narrator of The Womens Baths learns is to always respect what other people do they do it for a reason and you do not have to agree or approve of their reasoning. The grandmother who has been going to the public baths for seventy years, has the narrator join her one day and she actually really enjoys the grandmothers tradition. I think the narrator also learns that you can keep your traditions alive within you even if others (like her daughter in law)decides not to partake. What I have learned about the role of women in the societies that were described in these reading selections is this: women play a very important role in the lives of their husbands and fathers for one. Some of these women have been raised to only be a beautiful, happy and carefree person in the life of their significant other. They do not necessarily have an opinion and do not ever cause a scene or trouble. In fact as we read about the different cultures, religios beliefs, and traditional roles that each of the men and women play you come to find out that the Eastern resistance was brought about to preserve womens purity and devotion. I know that some of these women are proud of their traditions but I couldnt help but feel sorry for some of the women in these stories because I felt like they never say how they felt about certain conficts in their lives. They are people with feelings and emotions also and should have a right to express them. I think that there is another side to all of this also in the way that the grandmother handled herself in The Womens Baths. She believed that her tradition was important enough to pass on to the narrator, she wanted to show her first hand that the role that she played in everyones life at the public bath house was important also. I was proud of her while reading the story that she did not give up her tradition based on how her daughter in law felt. I think these stories showed you that there are many types of women in the world: some who invite challenge for a better life, and some who are content with the security of having a good life but maybe no opinion.

Developing Autonomous Practise in Mental Health - Cognitive Behaviour Essay

Developing Autonomous Practise in Mental Health - Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Formulation for Patient in Early Intervention in Psychosis Services - Essay Example The reasons for prescribing MH services to Sandra include disruptive demographic conditions, family conflicts, problems associated with personal life and social influencing factors. During her early childhood period, Sandra had experienced dramatic challenges with her two younger brothers who are 19 and 22 years old respectively. In this regard, it can be stated that the demographic condition of Sandra was also a major factor which turned her to experience significant crisis and made her involved in conducting different unfair acts such as taking cocaine and possession of knives among others at a very young age. The prejudicial acts of Sandra and other members of her family had also led Sandra as well as her mother to spend 24hrs in the police custody. Moreover, breaching of relationship with her boyfriend has also formed depressions that further led towards formation of critical challenges in her life. The social influences as well as contradictive voices of the people can also be c onsidered as major factors that driven Sandra to take mental health treatments or MH services. In accordance with social influences, she was viewed to be accused by the people due to her conduct of irresponsible acts towards her 2 years old daughter. In addition, significant economic crisis, poor demographic condition as well as continuous conflicts in both family and personal life are the primary causes of Sandra that eventually made her to acquire MH services by a greater extent. It is worth mentioning that the MH services are generally prescribed to the users who are mentally depressed and likely to involve in performing various unjustifiable and unwanted acts. The disruptive situations that are faced by the service users such as economic crisis, family conflicts as well as social influences, weak living standard and continuous consumption of abusive drugs among others are likely to be addressed or mitigated by delivering MH services to them (Langan & Lindow, 2004). In various ca ses, it has often been witnessed that the implementation or the application of MH services provide adequate support to the service users in addressing and mitigating several risks that are associated with various critical aspects such as past family conflicts, recent history along with demographic and economic crises (Tait & Lester,

RESPONSE PAPER for Comparative Politics class Essay - 1

RESPONSE PAPER for Comparative Politics class - Essay Example According to the research article by Questia, the capacity of a party-state aimed at preserving both communist rule and social harmony was lightweight when placed close together against a global and interconnected world. The preference for a panoptic control shows strict constraints deserving a strong emphasis which is the nature of the medium in connection with political context requiring further exploration. This exploration is the communist heritage that is a matter of interdiction as of social mobilization. The Society of China has begun putting into use the resources of new information technology to put effectively pressure on the authority regarding social and economic issues (Questia, 2015). Wider patterns of social privileges and disadvantages remain as an influence on the public society. Some accounts show that new ways of state-society relations have reduced the influence of class and race on politics and policy (Orvis & Drogus, 2015). Shifts in modes of state-society relations have tampered with the mechanisms of racial influence and social class in ways that sometimes reward economic and social benefits. For example, business mobilization and citizens around economic development and environmental issues in some parts of France and USA has reinforced the local governance against most disadvantaged neighbor-hoods (Orvis & Drogus, 2015). Elsewhere, more so in the northern part of Europe, a great local participation is working to the advantage of marginal groups in social policy. In other developing cities in the world, a growing opposition from the middle and upper-class car owners are underestimating initiatives to curb vehicle pollution. How do institutions affect sate-society interaction? Although institutions are important, other types of institutions have emerged to control and regulate governmental and state-society relations.

Central line associated bloodstream infections Research Paper

Central line associated bloodstream infections - Research Paper Example It is essential that appropriate steps are taken by both the healthcare providers and the patient to assist in the prevention of such infections. Around 41,000 CLABSI happen within the United States hospitals every year. The central line- associated bloodstream infections are normally severe infections causing in a typical manner, a lengthening of stay in hospital and increased mortality risk as well as financial costs. Central line-bloodstream infections can be avoided by making use of proper techniques of insertion as well as through managing the central line in a proper manner. CVC, or central venous catheters, render essential accession to the bloodstream; all the same, their insertion makes the patients prone to CLABSI. The phases of insertion of central venous catheters and its maintenance afterwards along with the central line-associated bloodstream infections prevention plans may pose a challenging situation to the infection prevention while conveying resources to the central venous catheter phase that is inducing sub-optimal rates of CLABSI. Bloodstream infections that are associated to catheter are linked with the substantially increased mortality, morbidity as well as expenditures. These infections are a source of a severe threat to the patients within the intensive care units. In order to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections, nurses, doctors and other health care professionals are required to follow the infection prevention guidelines provided by the Center for Disease Control in 2011. They are also needed to follow the recommended insertion techniques for the central line to avoid the risk of infection. The measures and guidelines provided by the CDC in 2011 are an effective way of preventing the occurrence of such infections. Guidelines along with the care bundles also advocate arrangement of care modules on the basis of unit characteristics; incorporating empirical measures and resources; training and education to encourage broa d implementation; and monitoring and auditing to make sure that staff is consistently following the advised procedural guidelines (Lu et al., 2012). The rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections in the ICUs of United States have been observed to decline dramatically in a few years as reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). This remarkable success has been achieved by applying a multifaceted technique and focusing on the use of best evidence-based practices for insertion of central line. Moreover, it has been suggested by the recent research that an additional benefit can be reaped by applying best evidence-based practices for the maintenance of central line. A meta-analysis conducted recently affirms the exercise of CHG, or chlorhexidine gluconate bathing, within the population of ICU in order to prevent CLABSI (Miller & Maragakis, 2012). Central line-associated bloodstream infections are regarded as a preventable problem of health care delivery. Mor eover, due to the utilization of resources and the remarkable morbidity, central line-associated bloodstream infections conduct a traceable mortality within the range of 12 to 25 percent. The approximated cost is around $25,000 per infection. During the

Significance Of Language In Human Affairs Philosophy Essay

Significance Of Language In Human Affairs Philosophy Essay Language problems are extremely complex, perhaps comparable with the complexities of human life itself. The importance of language is essential to every aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to inform the people around us of what we feel, what we desire, and question or understand the world around us. We communicate effectively with our words, gestures, and tone of voice in a multitude of situation. Would you talk to a small child with the same words you would in a business meeting. Being able to communicate with each other, form bonds, teamwork, and its what separates humans from other animal species. Communication drives our lives and better ourselves. The importance of language is beneficial regardless if you do it for fun or for your career or even just for personal travel. It is obvious that learning languages contributes to mutual understanding, a sense of global citizenship and personal commitment. The significance of language in our lives is incomparable. It is not just restrained to being a means of communicating ones thoughts and ideas to the rest, but has also become a tool for forging friendships, cultural ties as well as economic relationships. Throughout history, learned men have reflected on the importance of language in our lives. Scholar Benjamin Whorf has noted that language shapes our thoughts and emotions and determines our perception of reality, whereas John Stuart Mill has referred language to be the light of the mind. For linguist Edward Sapir, language is not just a vehicle for carrying out expressions of thoughts, perceptions, sentiments, and values characteristic of a community, but is a representation of a fundamental expression of social identity. He also believes that language helps in maintaining the feelings of cultural kinship. The significance of language in our day-to-day living include: Language aids in developing and grooming ones personality as a whole. Since learning a language is part of our knowledge, it becomes one of the key factors in competitiveness. In the advanced industrial society of today, the basic knowledge of a single or more language has become indispensable. With the advent of the concept of globalization, people all over the globe communicate with each other and exchange ideas. Though technological advances have served as a medium for communication, you cannot deny the role played by language. Understanding of a common language has helped people to communicate, despite being from varied parts of the world. Language has become a major tool of communication between countries, cultural groups, various companies and organizations, communities and friends. Language is one of the key factors of our human developmental process, which sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom and knits a strong feeling of kinship amongst us. A baby is born without language, but even without formal training, by the age of five, the child knows several hundred words and grammar of a particular language. This is an inherent human tendency, which is extremely important for further growth. Any discrepancy seen in learning a language at such early stage might indicate certain illness in a child. In the developmental trajectory of a child, language plays an important role since it is connected with various aspects of a childs growth. Learning a language is directly related to emotional development. For instance, a baby gazing at his parents face is responded by cooing and few words of love by his parents. This retains in the babys mind and when he is a little older, he begins using language to express his emotions as well. Language is also connected to the moral development in a child. The process begins when the child is about 18 months old. The child learns the right and wrong by listening to what his parents or other adult authorities tell him. Imagine teaching the child the difference of right or wrong without the tool of language! Learning a language within the first five years of ones life is important. It is one of the best predictors of a childs later performance in school. A child who has significant speech or language delays has a high likelihood of eventually having trouble with reading, which may continue throughout school. IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC IN HUMAN AFFAIRS Logic is the study of the principles and methods of reasoning. Logic is generally based on deduction which is a method of exact inference. It is a study of correct reasoning that consist of language and reasoning. It explores how we distinguish between good (or sound) reasoning and bad (or unsound) reasoning. An instance of reasoning is called an argument or an inference. An argument consists of a set of statements called premises together with a statement called the conclusion, which is supposed to be supported by or derived from the premises. A good argument provides support for its conclusion, and a bad argument does not. Two basic types of reasoning are called deductive and inductive. A good deductive argument is said to be validthat is, the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. A deductive argument whose conclusion does not follow necessarily from the premises is said to be invalid. The argument All human beings are mortal, all Greeks are human beings, therefore all Greeks are mortal is a valid deductive argument. But the argument All human beings are mortal, all Greeks are mortal, therefore all Greeks are human beings is invalid, even though the conclusion is true. On that line of reasoning, one could argue that all dogs, which are also mortal, are human beings. Misunderstandings commence from the heart of people who are not adept in expressing their needs and desires in a discreet and precise manner which sooner or later result to a more devastating damage like chaos and wars between confederations. Crimes like illegal and immoral acts are committed because of the endless sufferings of one whose needs are not adequately comprehended due to his poor ability of expressing himself. Major and minor dilemmas between friends, family members and other relationships are the aftermaths of ignorance in the appropriate and proper usage of language. These few and many more problems which we are facing today usually root from a distinct cause which is the lack of comprehension which could have been solved before it commenced if only the humanity learns how to study the structure of arguments and ascertain its validity and truthfulness. Indeed, the study Logic is a very vital necessity which could lead to a more vivid, harmonious and progressive future. These are some of the numerous good reasons why it is helpful to study of this subject. Logic learning can allow you to improve the quality of the arguments that you create. When you make rational disputes, you are apt to convince other people to agree with your claims. And people are much less likely to believe that you have a valid point by giving them accurate and logical justifications. The learning process will also give you the ability to evaluate the arguments of others. When you know how to understand arguments the way they are supposed to be constructed and the way they shouldnt be constructed, you will find all kinds of bad arguments out there that could weaken your opponents conclusion most especially during debates. As you argue with each other you will be able to determine the fallacies which were asserted because you will be able to critically scrutinize the rationality and authenticity of your opponents dispute. Another important aspect of Logic is Philosophical Logic and Reasoning and the importance of this in our lives include: This is essential in General Problem Solving: It helps us to analyze concepts, definitions, arguments and problems, and contributes to our capacity to organize ideas and issues to deal with questions of value. Communication Skills: Here our skills will be enhanced as we are able to present ideas through well-constructed systematic and reasoned arguments. Persuasive Powers: We will learn to build and defend our own views, to appreciate competing positions, and to indicate forcefully why we consider our own views preferable to alternatives. Writing Skills: Philosophical Logic and Reasoning teaches us interpretive writing through its examination of challenging texts, comparative writings through emphasis on fairness to alternative positions, argumentative writing through detailed portrayal of concrete examples and others. These are very important reasons why logic and reasoning matter in human affairs. They can be applied in the trained academic person life, or to the normal individual who has a desire to analyze the issues facing him/her before making a final crucial decision. Logic and Reasoning are important in career training and development on the job. In management, administration, law, finance, engineering, physics, chemistry, archeology, history and other disciplines, logic and reasoning are essential. We will be able to broaden the range of things we know and understand, be able to receive self-knowledge, foresight and a sense of direction in human affairs. We can accomplish self-discovery, expansion of consciousness, and self renewal. Therefore, when we are faced with a routine daily situation or a very difficult problem or issue to resolve, logic and reasoning are important to remember and be applied for the best or most desired results. Logic is important because it influences every decision we make in our lives. Logical thinking allows us to learn and make decisions that will affect our lifestyle. If no one thought logically, we would all be running around like chickens with our heads cut off, and nothing would make any sense. Conclusion Language is obviously a vital tool. Not only is it a means of communicating thoughts and ideas, but it forges friendships, cultural ties, and economic relationships. Language, of course, is knowledge, and in our world today knowledge is one of the key factors in competitiveness. Brains and knowledge are what create the prosperity and growth we tend to take for granted. In an advanced industrial society in an increasingly interdependent world, the knowledge of other languages becomes indispensable. Just think of how the advent of the Internet has changed our lives. For the last few years, millions of people across the world, who share common interests, are able to communicate with each other and exchange ideas. Not only are they able to do this due to the various technological advances, but also because they share a common language. The ability to think logically is of immense practical importance in our daily lives. Day after day, from moment to moment, we are busy interpreting available evidence and making predictions on what will happen next. When I walk along the sidewalk, it is my interpretation of the available evidence that leads me to the conclusion that it will be safe to put a foot forward for the next step. The moment conditions change (for example, if I hear a gunshot) I may have to reinterpret, and may then conclude that it is no longer safe to put a foot forward for a next step. Generally, logic is important in human affairs because It helps us to distinguish good argument from bad ones. It makes our thinking clear accurate. It strengthens our intellectual skills. It advances our quest for knowledge and understanding whatever is our field of interest. It enlarges our capacity to formulates argument analyse them critically.

Motivating Students Essay -- essays papers

Motivating Students The purpose of this research paper is to present research findings that show motivational teaching strategies to encourage the academic performance and achievement of students. Motivation is the drive on one’s thoughts and actions. Motivation is key to arouse the brain and to activate your senses. Motivation to learn is defined as, â€Å"The meaningfulness, value, and benefits of academic tasks to the learner.† (Lumsden, 1994). Students use motivation in the classroom to stimulate their learning capabilities. â€Å" Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need-or expect-their instructors to inspire, challenge, and stimulate them.† (Gross Davis 1993). To properly motivate one must understand a student’s behaviors. Behaviors that include the logical and illogical, the rational and irrational (Ames, 1984). Types of Motivation There are two different types of motivation in human behavior. The first is intrinsic. In this type of motivation a person does things because he or she wants to do them. â€Å"A student who is intrinsically motivated undertakes an activity ‘for its own sake, for the enjoyment it provides, the learning it permits, or the feelings of accomplishment it evokes† (Lumsden 1994). To make a student intrinsically motivated you must make the class relevant to them (Coolidge 1996). When a student realizes the benefits they will have in their lives by doing well in the class, they will be more eager to learn. The second type of motivation is extrinsic. This type of motivation is based on outside things. When a person does something in order to get something physical it is an extrinsic motivator. â€Å"An extrinsically motivated student performs ‘in order to obtain s... ...phies to motivate students. Seifert, K. (1999). Constructing a Psychology of Teaching & Learning. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. This book explores how to reinforce motivation. Motivation that brings about success and failure. How to manage misbehavior. Tauber, R. (1998). Good or Bad, What Teachers Expect from Students They Generally Get. Retrieved November 16, 2003 from ERIC database. This article explains how not to let a child’s past or history affect your judgment of them, and how to teach equally to those who misbehave. Twenty Tips on Motivating Students. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Retrieved November 16, 2003 from http://www.unl.edu/gradstud/GSAP/motivstdnts.html Gives many tips for being an effective motivator. Wolk, R. (2003). Worlds Apart. Teacher Magazine, 14(5), pp.5. Retrieved September 24, 2003 from EBSCO database.

The argument behind this is that if ones parents

Alcohol is a drink that is consumed orally and has an intoxicating effect. A drug when it is defined using medical terms is any substance that when consumed affects body functions whether positively or negatively. The argument is that medically prescribed drugs can help one recover from a certain illness but when drugs are taken for fun can lead to addiction and other bad side effects.As per the above given definition, alcohol qualifies to be a drug and thus should be controlled like other drugs. The essence of this paper is to support the argument that alcohol is a dangerous drug and thus should be controlled.Alcohol is one of the most abused drug with the most affected being the youths. No one wants to become an alcoholic victim but one accidentally finds himself in it. It is hard to determine when one would become its victim or not as there are many underlying factors that act as catalyst. One person may consume it for a short time and become addicted while another might take alon g time before becoming one.There are two theories that are advanced by psychologists and sociologists and thus each of them takes the respective perspective. According to psychologists there are some genetic predispositions that determine if one will become an addict or not.The argument behind this is that if ones parents were addicts then the chances of one becoming like them are higher. The other theory advanced by the later is that there are some social factors that may cause one to become addicted these are factors like environmental factors such as cultural exposures and other social practices.Any drug that can lead to addiction like alcohol is dangerous and thus should be controlled. Apart from this, it has a wide range of health effects for example it interferes with normal brain functioning something that causes psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorder, panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Unlike other dugs like cocaine and heroine where withdrawal can only be fatal if one has other health complications, alcohol withdrawal can be fatal.The reason behind this is that when alcohol is taken it stimulates the GABA receptors something that causes anxiety and when it is consumed in large amount and consistently, it desensitizes and reduces these receptors thereby causing the body to be entirely dependent on it such that when it is abruptly stopped, it leads to the breakdown of the central nervous system.The victim immediately registers some life threatening seizures or convulsions, hallucinations and in extreme cases it results to heart failure (Cohen, Sidney. 1983).Socially it has led many to lose their prestigious jobs as when people become addicted they are forced to consume it even when they are supposed to be busy at work and in sober mind. This economically affects the productivity of companies as drunken people cannot be expected to be productive. If anything they make them incur loses as they put off the very customers they are expected to s erve. For this reason, alcohol is an obstacle to development and should thus be banned completely (Cohen, Sidney. 1983).Studies show that alcohol car related car accidents are the main cause of death of the youth between 15 and 24. It also increases suicide, homicide and drowning cases as in most cases victims who commit suicide are drunkards or those who are drowned are its victims.Alcohol also interferes with ones thought system and for this reason; most drunkards do no reason appropriately. Alcoholism leads to reduced judgment and that is why victims can cross a busy road without checking whether the road is safe or not and one end up being hit. Most car accidents are drivers who are under the influence of drugs. Like it is mentioned above, alcohol clouds ones judgment such that it is hard to think straight.When one is drunk he/she loses control over everything such that one is aware that something is happening but cannot take the appropriate measure and that is how accidents res ult. â€Å"Alcohol, even at low doses, significantly impairs the judgment and coordination required to drive a car safely.† (Partnership for a Drug Free America).According to a survey that was done by the Davis Law Group in 2007, about 12, 998 died in car accidents where drivers were under the influence of alcohol. If these cases are to be reduced, then the government must wake up and adopt a zero tolerance strategy to alcoholism (Davis Law Group. 2007).

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means

What Cheating Out and Other Theater Jargon Means Drama class and theater rehearsals are some of the only places where cheating is encouraged. No, not cheating on a test. When  actors  cheat  out, they position themselves towards the audience, they share their bodies and voices so that audiences can see and hear them better. To Cheat Out means that the performer readjusts his or her body with an audience in mind. This might mean that the actors stand in a way thats not quite natural - which is why this practice cheats reality just a bit. But at least the audience will be able to see and hear the performer! Very often, when young  actors are  rehearsing on stage, they might turn their backs to the audience, or offer only a limited view. The director then might say, Cheat out, please. Ad Lib During a performance of a play, if you forget your line and cover for yourself by saying something off-the-top of your head, you are ad-libbing, creating dialogue on the spot. The abbreviated term ad lib comes from the  latin phrase:  ad libitum  which means At ones pleasure.But sometimes resorting to an ad lib is anything but pleasurable. For an actor who forgets a line during the middle of a show, an ad lib might be the only way to keep the scene going. Have you ever ad-libbed your way out of a scene? Have you ever helped a fellow actor who forgot his or her lines with an ad lib? Actors have an obligation to learn and deliver the lines of a play precisely as the playwright wrote them, but its good to practice ad-libbing during rehearsals. Off Book When actors have completely memorized their lines, they are said to be off book. In other words, they will be rehearsing with no script (book) in their hands. Most rehearsal schedules will establish a deadline for actors to be off book. And many directors will not allow any scripts in hand - no matter how poorly prepared the actors may be - after the off book deadline. Chewing the Scenery This piece of theatrical jargon is not complimentary. If an actor is chewing the scenery, it means that he or she is over-acting. Speaking too loudly and theatrically, gesticulating largely and more than necessary, mugging for the audience - all of these are examples of chewing the scenery. Unless the character you play is supposed to be a scenery-chewer, its something to avoid. Stepping on Lines Although it is not always (or usually) intended, actors are guilty of stepping on lines when they deliver a line too early and thereby skip over another actors line or they start their line before another actor has finished speaking and thus speak on top of another actors lines. Actors are not fond of the practice of stepping on lines. Breaking Curtain When audiences attend a theatrical production, they are asked to suspend their disbelief - to agree to pretend that the action onstage is real and is happening for the first time. It is the responsibility of the productions cast and crew to help the audience do this. Thus, they must refrain from doing things like peeking out at the audience before or during a performance, waving from offstage to audience members they know, or appearing in costume off the stage during intermission or after the performance ends. All of these behaviors and others are considered breaking curtain. Paper the House When theaters give away a large amount of tickets (or offer the tickets at a very low rate) in order to gain a large audience, this practice is called papering the house. One of the strategies behind papering the house is to create positive word-of-mouth about a show that might otherwise suffer from low-attendance. Papering the house is also helpful to the performers because it is more satisfying and realistic to play to a  full or almost full house than to play for a sparsely populated set of seats. Sometimes papering the house is a rewarding way for theaters to offer seats to groups that might not otherwise be able to afford them.

The History of the Italian Language

The History of the Italian Language You’re always hearing that Italian is a romance language, and that’s because linguistically speaking, it’s a member of the Romance group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken principally in the Italian peninsula, southern Switzerland, San Marino, Sicily, Corsica, northern Sardinia, and on the northeastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, as well as in North and South America. Like the other Romance languages, Italian is a direct offspring of the Latin spoken by the Romans and imposed by them on the peoples under their dominion. However, Italian is unique in that of all the major Romance languages, it retains the closest resemblance to Latin. Nowadays, it’s considered one language with many different dialects. Development During the long period of Italian’s evolution, many dialects sprang up, and the multiplicity of these dialects and their claims upon their native speakers as pure Italian speech presented a peculiar difficulty in choosing a version that would reflect the cultural unity of the entire peninsula. Even the earliest popular Italian documents, produced in the 10th century, are dialectal in language, and during the following three centuries Italian writers wrote in their native dialects, producing a number of competing regional schools of literature. During the 14th century, the Tuscan dialect began to dominate. This may have happened because of Tuscany’s central position in Italy and because of the aggressive commerce of its most important city, Florence. Moreover, of all the Italian dialects, Tuscan has the greatest similarity in morphology and phonology from classical Latin, which makes it harmonize best with the Italian traditions of Latin culture. Finally, Florentine culture produced the three literary artists who best summarized Italian thought and feeling of the late Middle Ages and the early Renaissance: Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio. The First 13th Century Texts In the first half of the 13th century, Florence was preoccupied with the development of trade. Then interest began to broaden, especially under the lively influence of Latini. Brunetto Latini (1220-94): Latini was exiled to Paris from 1260 to 1266 and became a link between France and Tuscany. He wrote the Trà ¨sor (in French) and the Tesoretto (in Italian) and contributed to the development of allegorical and didactic poetry, along with a tradition of rhetoric upon which dolce stil nuovo and Divine Comedy were based.The dolce stil nuovo (1270-1310): Although in theory they continued the Provenà §al tradition and counted themselves members of the Sicilian School of Federico IIs reign, the Florentine writers went their own way. They used all their knowledge of science and philosophy in a delicate and detailed analysis of love. Among them were Guido Cavalcanti and the young Dante.The Chroniclers: These were men of the merchant class whose involvement in city affairs inspired them to write tales in the vulgar tongue. Some, such as Dino Compagni (d. 1324), wrote about local conflicts and rivalries; others, like Giovanni Villani (d. 1348), took on much wider E uropean events as their subject. The Three Jewels in the Crown Dante Alighieri (1265-1321): Dantes Divine Comedy is one of the great works of world literature, and it was also proof that in literature the vulgar tongue could rival Latin. He had already defended his argument in two unfinished treatises, De vulgari eloquentia and Convivio, but to prove his point it needed the Divine Comedy, this masterpiece in which Italians rediscovered their language in sublime form (Bruno Migliorini).Petrarch (1304-74): Francesco Petrarca was born in Arezzo since his father was in exile from Florence. He was a passionate admirer of ancient Roman civilization and one of the great early Renaissance humanists, creating a Republic of Letters. His philological work was highly respected, as were his translations from Latin into the Vulgate, and also his Latin works. But it’s Petrarchs love poetry, written in the vulgar tongue, that keeps his name alive today. His Canzoniere had enormous influence on the poets of the 15th and 16th centuries.Boccaccio (1313-75): This was a man from the rising commercial classes, whose principal work, ​​Decameron, has been described as a merchants epic. It consists of one hundred stories told by characters who are also part of a story that provides the setting for the whole, much like The Arabian Nights. The work was to become a model for fiction and prose writing. Boccaccio was the first to write a commentary on Dante, and he was also a friend and disciple of Petrarch. Around him gathered enthusiasts of the new humanism. La Questione Della Lingua The question of the language, an attempt to establish linguistic norms and codify the language, engrossed writers of all persuasions. Grammarians during the 15th and the 16th centuries attempted to confer upon the pronunciation, syntax, and vocabulary of 14th-century Tuscan the status of a central and classical Italian speech. Eventually, this classicism, which might have made Italian another dead language, was widened to include the organic changes inevitable in a living tongue. In the dictionaries and publications of the, founded in 1583, which was accepted by Italians as authoritative in Italian linguistic matters, compromises between classical purism and living Tuscan usage were successfully effected. The most important literary event of the 16th century did not take place in Florence. In 1525 the Venetian Pietro Bembo (1470-1547) set out his proposals (Prose della volgar lingua - 1525) for a standardized language and style: Petrarca and Boccaccio were his models and thus became the modern classics. Therefore, the language of Italian literature is modeled on Florence in the 15th century. Modern Italian It wasn’t until the 19th century that the language spoken by educated Tuscans spread far enough to become the language of the new nation. The unification of Italy in 1861 had a profound impact not only on the political scene but also resulted in a significant social, economic, and cultural transformation. With mandatory schooling, the literacy rate increased, and many speakers abandoned their native dialect in favor of the national language.

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Compare and contrast - Essay Example This behavior can be detrimental to the society. The common theme depicted in the four essays is the issue of passive compliance. This is where an individual in a group of other humans tends to comply with the state of affairs or unwelcome predicaments because of natural fears. These fears include, embarrassing themselves or others, suspecting that their cause could be unjust or ambiguous, facing the trivial horrors of a confrontation with authority and anxiety of being unobtrusive (Buckley 64-67). It is clear that as the human group grows larger, the lazier they become (Travis 229). Travis observes imminent negligence in larger groups of people. For instance, an individual can risk his/her own life to save a victim of an accident. It is, however, the opposite in groups of people who perceive their neighbors have taken or would take an initiative to do the necessary on their behalf (Travis 229). Similarly, Buckley experiences the same when in the railroad car (Buckley 64-67). Despite the ill treatment to extreme heat in the vehicle, no single person opts to file for a complaint. In both cases, people in the groups choose to suffer than embarrass themselves in the public. If Travis and Buckley had a conversation, they would agree that humans in groups tend to silence even in the event of predicaments in order to avoid creating scenes or drawing too much embarrassing attention on themselves in the public areas. They would also agree that individual people would be concerned about the other people’s welfare. However, they would agree in anything. Orwell’s experience proves Travis’s theories in diverse ways. Travis postulates that human groups do not mind what happens to others. The people think that someone else has already taken care of affairs. This takes them to the world of negligence, in fear of speculation or perception as unruly. Travis’s theories correspond with Orwell’s experience in the experience with the Burman crowd. He was not

Cultural Identity on American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Identity on American Society - Essay Example â€Å"Like many Americans whose families came to this country from somewhere else, many children of Mexican immigrants struggle with their identity† (Casares). There are definitions of different races and ethnicities in terms of characteristics and features. This classification has resulted to differences amongst people, especially in the United States. Due to the fact that the identity of some people has been influenced by ethnicity and race, it has gone to the extent of influencing the way individuals perceive the environment and what they put as a priority in their lives. Sometimes, the identity of people is imposed to them due to the way other people look at and know them. Ethnic and racial identities are crucial areas of a person’s life or a group’s identity. In the United States, there are people who are legally defined as minorities due to their race and ethnic background. This is depicted in a highly critical way since it is prompted by the incompatible c ultural and social practices. As a result, it makes people be deeply immersed in their cultural traditions and beliefs encouraging a positive feeling of ethnic individuality. In addition, people filter ethnic identity by handling other people of dissimilar races and ethnicity negatively. Diversity of culture in the United States is on the rise. This has posed a greater concern of the future of the American Identity. Due to the influx of migrants, emergence of multi-ethnical generations that are rapidly increasing the threat on cultural practices determines the identity of America. The identity of the United States is truly significant in that it consolidates people having contradictory issues, opinions and ideologies to form one harmonized community. The harmony creates opportunities for the implementation of policies and other activities that are beneficial to the community. Oneness and preserved American Identity will make the citizens have a place which they belong to. They will feel accepted and accommodated by other people and the general culture at large. Relationships among the American citizens will be warm, their culture is adopted and the contradictory issues minimized. If this is achieved, then in the workplace people will work with energy and robustness while executing their roles and responsibilities in their areas of jurisdiction. This is what cultural identity can bring to the American society. The way the American people think and interpret democracy is greatly influenced by their cultural identity. This means that if the culture of American people is going to change, their identity will be changed too. As a result, democracy will be interfered with, and this might result to crime activities. For instance, people will misuse democracy at the expense of protecting their cultural beliefs, racial or ethnical people. For continuity and preservation of the present political institutions, cultural identity is the key factor.(Kaplan) If this is not th e case, then politically the American community will be destabilized due to disagreement emanating from ethnical and racial backgrounds. Consequently, development and progress of the economy of the American society will deteriorate. The schedule drawn for work and the spirit of work can be motivated by the cultural practices of the society. From history, America is industrious. This shows how their culture prompts them to be hard working people. Despite the fact that race is used wrongly, it does matter when used

Nursing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Nursing assignment - Essay Example ea of wound dressing since I identified that wound dressing is a technique, and this involves high level of professional involvement and meticulousness to impart this. Apart from the principles of wound infection, wound nature, and principles of sterility, a thorough understanding of the physiology of the particular variety of wound is necessary so a standard care can be delivered to the patient. If all the principles are followed in a rigorous manner, there is no reason why a difficult wound would not heal; therefore, wound dressing has implications in patient outcome. I have observed that my skills in wound dressing have improved with practice and repeated dressings of the same wound while the patient was under my care. This indicates that practice of the principles improves the standard of the care particularly applicable to wound dressing, and the care standards may be strengthened, that is, practice may be strengthened. I have decided to reflect on my wound dressings with Joanna since reflection is a process that critically analyzes the care provided, and it would help me to find out my weaknesses and strengths. Not only that, this process of reflection would enhance my future practice (McCormack B, Manley K, Garbett R., 2004). Definitions: The professional practice of nursing, midwifery, and health visiting takes place in a context of continuous change. New researches are taking place continuously, and the evidence base of practice and learning is being enhanced in a rapid manner. Therefore, new developments and continuously being introduced in practice, influenced by factors, such as, government initiatives and improvements in medical and nursing science. Professional nurses cannot hope to practice safely, efficiently, and effectively being constantly accountable to the fact whether standards of practice have been met or not unless they engage in continuing professional development mainly to maintain up to date knowledge base to underpin that practice and

Black People and Roberta Essay Example for Free

Black People and Roberta Essay Determining the race of Twyla and Roberta from the clouded descriptions in Recitatif is a rather difficult task. The evidence in my opinion leads me to believe that Roberta is white and that Twyla is black. In this paper I will identify situations in this story that reinforce my opinion. I will also explain how minority group treatment influenced my perception of the events in this story. My early impression of Roberta was that of a spoiled country girl with little or no education that opinion was based on her inability to read and her waste of food at meal times. Finishing all your food is a strong force in many black families this waste can be construed as a connection to Roberta being white. The first verbal indication is Robertas mothers refusal to greet Twylas mother Mary. This is a strong image of prejudice in my opinion. Robertas mother said nothing. She just grabbed Roberta and stepped out of line. Robertas mothers disinterest in meeting a woman of the opposite race makes a convincing argument that she is white and in her mind better than associating with blacks. In the next scene the families were eating Lunch. Twyla made the observation that The wrong food is always with the wrong people. And the connection that Maybe thats why I got into waitress work later-to match up the right people with the right food. There is a common stereotype that black people love chicken. So the white Roberta having the black chicken could be considered a Mitch match and since Roberta is white she should not have the chicken. The next piece of evidence comes much later when the two old friends are reunited in a supermarket. They have exchanged pleasantries and discussed how well there lives are going. It is obvious to the reader that Roberta is well off financially. Roberta makes the comment I was dying to know what happened to her, how she got from Jimi Hendrix to Annandale, a neighborhood full of doctors and IBM executives. Easy, I thought. Everything is so easy for them. They think they own the world. This statement shows that Twyla is aware of how easy it is for white people to raise their economic class. It can be implied that Roberta made the large advance because she was of the proper white race to make such advancement. The final piece of evidence is When Twyla confronts Roberta on her poor behavior at their encounter in Howard Johnsons Roberta says Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black-white. You know how everything was. Roberta here identifies the strong pressure she felt from her peers to not associate with the lower black race. My first indication of Twylas race was the way her mother Mary introduced herself. She used the phrase Twyyyyyla, baby! the term baby is commonly associated with older black females. Marys reaction to Robertas mothers refusal to shake hands coupled with the loud outbursts on the way to the chapel are also part of what society has deemed as black female behavior. Mary is described wearing those ugly green slacks that made her behind stick out There is a stereotype that black women have large behinds. These examples leads me believe Robertas mother is black and so the daughter must be of the same race. Throughout the story Roberta is always depicted in a lower class than Roberta always overshadowed by Roberta. Roberta marries into a higher social standing and has an implied superiority throughout the story. The statement Everything is so easy for them. They think they own the world. Is a common opinion about the social standing of whites in the United States. There are a lot of conflicting data to for both sides of this argument. In my opinion though there is much more evidence that leads the reader to believe that Roberta is white and Twyla is black.

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay

A Partir De L Exemple De Rennes French Essay Lagriculture face à   lurbanisation intensive des mà ©tropoles A partir de lexemple de Rennes et Saint-Jacques -de-la-lande INTRODUCTION Lorsque lurbanisation et lagriculture se disputent les mà ªmes terres, saffrontent alors des mondes, des mentalità ©s diffà ©rentes difficiles à   faire cohabiter. Du fait de son caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, lespace rural est en perpà ©tuel tension entre une fonction à ©conomique (de productività ©) et une fonction rà ©sidentielle ou de loisir, mais aussi une fonction de conservation (prà ©servation de la biodiversità ©, entretien du paysage). Dans ce contexte comment est-il possible de concevoir la cohabitation sur un mà ªme territoire, de modes de vie diffà ©rents? Quel processus damà ©nagement territorial peut à ªtre envisagà © pour concilier les diffà ©rentes pratiques de ces lieux entre urbanisation et nature? Parce que les campagnes tendent à   se densifier. La rurbanisation produit une consommation excessive despaces naturels, elle fragmente les parcelles cultivables et les consume petit à   petit. Le paysage sen trouve modifià ©, car lespace rural tire sont paysage de sa fonction premià ¨re, lagriculture, cest elle qui faà §onne le territoire. Paradoxalement, la venu de nouvelles habitation dans lespace rural dà ©truit ce pourquoi mà ªme elles sont venues : le paysage. Que devient la campagne si elle est urbanisà ©e de la mà ªme faà §on que la pà ©riphà ©rie proche des villes ? Si le prix du foncier ne produit rien dautre que des zones pavillonnaires en tous points identique à   celle de nos villes. Pour rà ©pondre à   cette demande de nature il est indispensable de penser la ville et la campagne comme une seule et mà ªme entità ©, un systà ¨me global oà ¹ lune est dà ©pendante de lautre. En effet la campagne doit à ªtre pensà ©e comme le garde mangà © de la ville pour des raisons de sà ©curità © alimentaire et à ©conomique, dans un contexte oà ¹ les produits lointains seront de plus en plus soumis aux taxations carbone. Hypothà ¨ses Lespace rural ne peut plus à ªtre considà ©rà © comme un vide ou une rà ©serve foncià ¨re, il doit à ªtre pensà © dans un systà ¨me global oà ¹ rural et urbain forme un tout. En effet dans le contexte à ©conomique actuel les villes redeviennent dà ©pendantes de leur arrià ¨re pays. Il faut donc rà ©interroger le systà ¨me de gouvernance à   là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine oà ¹ la mise en place dune politique globale permettrait de recrà ©er du lien entre lurbain et le rural. Lespace rural a dà ©jà   un caractà ¨re multifonctionnel, il regroupe diffà ©rentes fonctions. Une fonction productive, rà ©sidentielle et de prà ©servation de lenvironnement. La cohabitation de ces diffà ©rentes fonctions gà ©nà ¨re des conflits au sein de cet espace. Une plus grande coordination entre les diffà ©rents acteurs de lespace rural permettrait une meilleure cohabitation des ces usages. La rà ©alisation de diagnostique propre à   chaque territoire ayant pour but la prà ©servation de lagriculture, avec une fonction de production mais aussi crà ©atrice de paysage, respectueuse de lenvironnement, afin de proposer un cadre de vie de qualità ©. Afin de mieux comprendre et analyser ce phà ©nomà ¨ne, nous allons nous intà ©resser dans un premier temps à   la question de la grande à ©chelle, là ©chelle mà ©tropolitaine en se basant sur les projets du grand Paris et plus particulià ¨rement sur là ©tude dAntoine Grumbach. Dans un deuxià ¨me temps nous nous pencherons sur le cas du Plateau de Saclay oà ¹ une à ©tude a à ©tà © menà ©e pour montrer comment sest mis en place un processus de prise en compte de lespace agricole dans la construction paysagà ¨re du rural pà ©riurbain. I. Notre culture face à   la nature 1.1. Historique De tout temps lagriculture a à ©tà © à ©troitement lià ©e à   la ville. Depuis que la ville existe, que lhomme est sà ©dentaire, il produit sa nourriture au plus proche de son lieu de vie. Tant que lhomme est dà ©pourvu de moyens efficaces de dà ©placement pour transporter sa marchandise, les denrà ©es alimentaires sont cultivà ©es aux abords des villes. Là ©talement urbain nest pas un phà ©nomà ¨ne rà ©cent. Dà ¨s le Moyen-à ¢ge, les villes semblent dà ©jà   à ©clatà ©es, limage que lon a dune ville compacte est aussi dà » à   la reprà ©sentation que lon en a fait. Les perspectives dà ©poque sont des reprà ©sentations de villes compactes, oà ¹ les habitations dissà ©minà ©es ne figurent pas. Nayant pas le droit de cità © elles navaient pas non plus le droit de reprà ©sentation. A cette à ©poque la France a une logique de campagne, une multitude de villages distants de 3 à   5 km, distance parcourus actuellement en 5 à   10 minutes donc un rà ©seau quasi parfait qui sà ©tale sur toute le pays.[schà ©ma en à ©toile relation entre les villages] Ce systà ¨me, lià © à   la gà ©ologie, au paysage, aux forà ªts locales est quelque chose de trà ¨s encrà © dans la civilisation franà §aise. Cest le marqueur ADN de la France, un code fort reliant le pays. Tout repose sur cette logique. Nà ©anmoins, les villes importantes de cette à ©poque restent denses, il est donc aisà © den dà ©finir les limites et par consà ©quent celles entre ville et campagne. Au 15à ¨ sià ¨cle, Paris est lune des plus grandes villes dEurope, suivit dAnvers. Une France fà ©odale gouvernà ©e par un roi. Dans sa confà ©rence Lenjeu capital(es), les mà ©tropoles de la grande à ©chelle, le paysagiste nà ©erlandais, Adriaan Geuze, voit le Roi de France comme un agriculteur ayant un pied à   terre à   Paris. Lidà ©e de vivre à   la campagne avec une attache en ville. A la Renaissance, la quantità © de chà ¢teaux et de parcs autour des grandes villes de France explose (chà ¢teau de la Loire) avec un rà ©seau de routes qui converge vers la ville principale. Les Rois entretiennent limage de la campagne, de la nature et cette culture paysanne jusque dans les parcs de leurs chà ¢teaux. Cest une culture de la socià ©tà © agricole. [Parc des chà ¢teaux de la Loire] La rà ©volution est un nouveau tournant dans lhistoire de France. Le symbole mà ªme de Marianne reprà ©sentation de la France de cette à ©poque, est une femme, qui pourrait à ªtre paysanne, venant de la ferme, de la France rurale. [Tableau dEugà ¨ne Delacroix, La Libertà © guidant le Peuple (1830).]On peut donc considà ©rer que les valeurs de notre pays (Libertà ©, Egalità ©, Fraternità ©) puisent leurs racines de cette France là  , cette France rurale. Napolà ©on, comme les rois de France, crà ©Ãƒ © un systà ¨me routier sur tout le continent qui converge vers Paris. Arrive alors la premià ¨re percà ©e dans la conception urbaine à   savoir lextension des Champs-Elysà ©es, avec lArc de Triomphe, cest louverture vers lavenir. Cette action a pour bà »t de changer cette mà ©tropole, de louvrir, de crà ©Ãƒ © des liens et de relier la capitale à   la nature. En 1850, Paris est une ville insalubre, sans aucune condition dhygià ¨ne. Une campagne de restructuration de la capitale est lancà ©e, Paris est donc rà ©gie sous un triple mot dordre: Embellir Circuler Assainir. Lenjeu à ©tait de transformer la mà ©tropole conformà ©ment aux thà ©ories hygià ©nistes pour une meilleure circulation de lair et des hommes. Le Baron Haussmann transforme la capitale en 17 ans de travaux ininterrompus. A la fin de ces travaux Paris a changà © de visage. Sur les grands boulevards Haussmanniens on remarque aussi la prà ©sence importante de la nature. [Prà ©sence de nature sur les boulevards] Ces grandes avenues plantà ©es sont relià ©es directement aux parcs et jardins des Rois, và ©ritables icones de la ville, (jardin du Luxembourg, parc Monceau). Les portes des parcs souvrent, la population y pà ©nà ¨tre : cest une nouvelle ville. La peinture va permettre aussi dintà ©grà © une nouvelle image de la nature. Une nature sublimà ©e. Une nature construite qui va changer la perception mà ªme que lon en avait. Les parcs comme le parc des Buttes-Chaumont ou le parc Monceau peuvent donc se dà ©velopper. A la fin du 19e, dà ©but du 20e sià ¨cle, avec les modifications apportà ©es aux villes et laire industrielle, les relations entre la ville et sa campagne se modifient. Loffre demploi dans les grandes villes augmente, les conditions de vie samà ©liorent et les campagnes sont dà ©sertà ©es, cest lexode rural. Les villes connaissent alors un accroissement dà ©mographique sans prà ©cà ©dent. Les moyens de transports deviennent de plus en plus performants. Les villes sà ©tendent donc trà ¨s rapidement sur lespace rural, estompant ainsi les diffà ©rences entre elles. La population des villes augmente, lagriculture diminue ce qui a pour consà ©quence une perte dautonomie alimentaire. Pour rà ©soudre ce manque il a fallut aller chercher la matià ¨re premià ¨re toujours un peu plus loin. A la fin du XXe sià ¨cle rien na changà ©. Avec la mondialisation, ce phà ©nomà ¨ne na cessà © daugmenter et lagriculture souffre dune mauvaise image. Le discours a donc totalement changà ©. Les paysages agricoles ne sont plus imaginà ©s, comme au 19e sià ¨cle, pouvant faire partie de la ville. La nature nest plus conà §ue comme un à ©là ©ment de paysage urbain quon essaie dintà ©grer à   la ville mais un paysage de campagne que lon cherche à   retrouver lorsque le stress de la ville se fait sentir. Dans les annà ©es 80, la ville souffre de mauvaise rà ©putation. Le manque de logements de qualità ©, laugmentation de la criminalità © ont pour effet de faire fuir les classes sociales les plus aisà ©es et les entreprises vers la pà ©riphà ©rie. Ces dernià ¨res annà ©es le phà ©nomà ¨ne sest renforcà ©, un changement de mentalità ©, une prise de conscience environnementale, encourage de plus en plus durbains à   fuir le stress des villes pour sinstaller à   la campagne. La campagne est vue comme un produit. 1.2. Etat actuel du monde rural Lurbanisation continue des villes daujourdhui grignote chaque jour un peu plus les terres cultivables. [Photo de lurbanisation grignotant les terres cultivables]Laugmentation du prix des terrains constructibles nencourage pas le maintient des actività ©s agricoles et rend lagriculture pà ©riurbaine extrà ªmement fragile. De plus, la cohabitation entre agriculteurs et citadins installà ©s en milieu rural devient de plus en plus source de conflits. En effet, la venue de nouvelles habitations sur lespace rural la rurbanisation se traduit souvent par limplantation de maisons dissà ©minà ©es au milieu de parcelles cultivà ©es. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne conduit rapidement à   lexplosion des terres cultivables, car pour permettre la mà ©canisation, les parcelles ne doivent pas à ªtre trop petites. Une fois divisà ©es, les parcelles encore en culture, nont plus quune vocation, devenir des champs de là ©gumes ou des pà ©pinià ¨res oà ¹ se multiplie les serres agricoles. La rurbanisation met donc les agriculteurs des zones pà ©riurbaines face à   un choix: vendre leurs terres aux nouveaux arrivants ou cesser leurs actività ©s dà ©levage de bovin pour ne faire que de larboriculture, horticulture ou encore de la production de lait, de volailles ou dÅ“ufs. Face au vieillissement et à   lexode, lespace paysan est menacà ©. Des tensions à ©mergent entre rurbains, citadins ne participant pas à   la vie paysanne, et les paysans locaux. Les nà ©o-ruraux les plus aisà ©s se portent acquà ©reurs dà ¨s la mise en vente du moindre bà ¢timent dans lespace rural. Ce qui, à   lorigine, est un espace de travail napparait plus que comme un espace de loisir. Ce phà ©nomà ¨ne se retrouve dans lensemble des zones rurales proches de grandes agglomà ©rations. Prisonnier dun cadre naturel forgà © depuis des gà ©nà ©rations, le monde paysan appartient dorà ©navant au paysage, celui-là   mà ªme que le touriste citadin achà ¨te. ( Bernard DEZERT- les mutations sociales dans lagriculture urbaine) Le fait davoir dà ©valorisà © lagriculture en la considà ©rant comme un vide, un espace de non-ville à   contribuà © à   son exclusion (de la ville et de notre socià ©tà ©). Il est maintenant indispensable de pensà © lagriculture comme un à ©là ©ment constitutif de la ville. Pour ce faire il faut repenser sa forme mà ªme. Lune des formes considà ©rant la ville comme un ensemble despaces bà ¢ti et non bà ¢ti est la ville archipel nous allons donc nous intà ©resser à   la faà §on dont elle amà ©nage le territoire. Mais avant à §a que signifie le terme de ville archipel ? 2. La ville archipel : un amà ©nagement territorial 2.1. Le concept de ville archipel. La ville archipel pose la question de la forme des relations entre lurbanisation et les espaces de nature. Cette question semble à ªtre une question de paysage puisquelle parle des relations entre les espaces, mais cest avant tout une question damà ©nagement du territoire. Une question dà ©chelle dintervention entre le dà ©veloppement urbain et la protection des milieux ainsi que les relations entre eux. La ville archipel est une forme urbaine capable de conjuguer ville et nature. Pour comprendre ce concept de ville archipel il faut inverser notre faà §on de dà ©finir la ville. Il faut considà ©rer la ville comme un ensemble de centralità ©s intercommunale, avec des espaces bà ¢ti (habitat individuel, collectif ou actività ©) et des espaces non bà ¢ti (naturels, agricoles et forestiers).Ces deux types despaces sont articulà ©s entre eux pour sadaptà © au fonctionnement de ce nouveau territoire en conjuguant facilità © de dà ©placement et proximità © dun cadre de vie agrà ©able dont aspire une majorità © de la population. Dans cette logique comme le dit Bertrand FOLLEA : Le village est à   lagglomà ©ration intercommunale ce que le quartier est à   la ville. Lespace agricole ou naturel fait lui aussi parti intà ©grante de la ville, cest lui qui structure lagglomà ©ration. Il a une fonction serte à ©conomique (de production), à ©cologique (biodiversità ©, gestion hydraulique), mais aussi une fonction sociale (paysage, lieu de dà ©tente, circulation douce). La ville archipel pourrait à ªtre caractà ©risà ©e par des à ®les bà ¢ti denses relià ©es entre elles par des espaces de natures ou agricoles entretenu avec une fonction à ©conomique et sociale. 2.2. La gestion de la nature dans la ville archipel 3. Lexemple de larchipel rennaise 3.1. Rennes Capital de la Bretagne. [] 3.2. Rennes : un espace urbain agricole La mise en place du schà ©ma directeur du district de Rennes, à ©laborà © par un paysagiste et par lagence durbanisme local (Audiar)[1] est considà ©rà ©e comme lune des expà ©riences les plus intà ©ressantes des annà ©es 90. Elle a valeur dexemple dans lamà ©nagement franà §ais en raison de la prà ©servation des territoires agricoles et coulà ©es verte entre les bourgs qui se densifient pour crà ©er des pà ´les secondaires. La question du paysage joue un rà ´le moteur dans là ©laboration de ce schà ©ma directeur. Il a conduit au changement de perception de certain acteur sur leurs territoires. La ville de Rennes na pas toujours à ©tait qualifià © de ville archipel, ce nest quen 2004 que cette expression voit le jour. Isabelle Grudet dà ©montre dans son article Le modà ¨le territorial rennais à   là ©preuve de ses images, limportance des images verbales utilisà ©es pour dà ©crire la ville. Avant 2004 lexpression de ceinture verte est couramment utilisà ©e notamment dans Projet urbain 2015[2]. Ce terme laisse entendre que la ville de Rennes est entourà ©e dun espace vert. Or cet espace nest pas và ©ritablement lisible. Cette expression est dailleurs utilisà ©e en association avec le terme d'anneau et de rocade, le vert et les routes ont fonction de limite et de lien entre les espaces de diffà ©rentes dimensions. Carte de synthà ¨se paysagà ¨re / schà ©ma directeur de 1994 En comparent deux images iconique, la vue de synthà ¨se dun paysagiste et la carte du schà ©ma directeur de 1994 on remarque un à ©loignement de la ville classique que la ceinture verte marquà © par la rocade servait à   maintenir à   lintà ©rieur de mur virtuels, et que la ville archipel a fait exploser. On passe de la ceinture verte reprà ©sentà © par la rocade et un rà ©seau routier qui relie les bourgs à   la ville centre ; a une image de ville territoire oà ¹ les diffà ©rents espaces bà ¢tis sont relià ©s entre eux par les à ©là ©ments constitutifs du paysage. Dans la reprà ©sentation paysagà ¨re du modà ¨le rennais proposà © par le paysagiste, la hià ©rarchie entre ville et campagne disparait. Lespace non bà ¢ti est dà ©composà © en plusieurs couleurs, le bà ¢ti reprà ©sentà © en blanc sestompe, ce territoire oà ¹ bourgs et centre ville semblaient à ªtre relià © par de simple routes raccordà ©es à   une rocade, semble maintenant à ©clatà © sur un territoire indà ©fini dont une campagne dà ©sormais complexe vient crà ©er du lien grà ¢ce aux rivià ¨res, parcs et autres à ©là ©ment du paysage. Lidà ©e de ceinture verte a disparue. Cette espace non bà ¢ti, agricole fait lobjet dune discussion entre paysagiste et à ©lus sur le concept des isolement paysage terme apparaissant dans le schà ©ma directeur de 1994. Retranscription de cette discussion,Tirà ©e des cahiers de LAUA n °11 p.105 Paysagiste : Nous proposons de nouveaux termes pour remplacer des terme qui nous semblent rà ©ducteurs. Nous proposons de remplacer isolement paysage par espace agricole de respiration Elu : (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) Ce sont les espaces irrà ©ductibles. Le Saint Emilion de Rennes. Mais pour ce terme de respiration je me demande sil ne risque pas dà ªtre mal perà §u. Il semble indiquer que lon ne respire pas dans Rennes-centre. Paysagiste : Cest intà ©ressant Elu : Les espace agricoles, ce sont aussi des gens. Les agriculteurs ne sont pas seulement là   pour faire respirer les gens Paysagiste : Cest un concept fort. Le travail a à ©tà © guidà © par lidà ©e de polycentrisme. Ce systà ¨me est volontariste, il faut des concepts forts pour contrer les processus spontanà ©s. Lexpression isolements paysage nest pas positive. Elu : Je suis daccord pour enlever isolement paysage mais lagriculture, je prà ©fà ¨re espace agricole de construction Paysagiste : Oui, il faut rà ©flà ©chir sur ce thà ¨me. Elu (vice-prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © aux formes urbaines): Remplacer isolement paysage par espace de respiration est une bonne idà ©e, mais il faut la revoir Elu : Cest bien, on est arrivà © à   hià ©rarchiser les choses Mais il y a quand mà ªme ce truc de la respiration Moi, je dirais simplement agriculture pà ©riurbaine. Paysagiste : Oui, mais à   quoi renvoie le terme de pà ©riurbain Elu (Vice prà ©sident de Rennes Mà ©tropole dà ©là ©guà © à   lenvironnement et aux rà ©serves foncià ¨re) : Et pourquoi pas espace agricole urbain. Cela permet de ne pas faire apparaà ®tre les agriculteurs comme les derniers des Mohicans Lexpression vient dapparaà ®tre. Elle sera là ©gà ¨rement modifià ©e par un à ©lu, pour donnà ©e le terme final d'espace urbain agricole. Selon un à ©lu ce terme a la capacità © de crà ©er un choc, aussi bien chez les agriculteurs que chez les urbains, qui pourrait pousser à   laction. En effet cette espace agricole urbain participe à   là ©conomie et à   lattractività © du Pays de Rennes. Il est entretenu par 1400 exploitations agricoles qui mettent en valeur 63 000 ha de surfaces agricoles. En choisissant le terme de ville archipel les à ©lus ont fait le choix dun amà ©nagement du territoire qui laisse une large place à   lespace agricole et naturel entre les diffà ©rents pà ´les durbanisations. Cette gestion du territoire, qui place lagriculture au cÅ“ur de la ville, approuvà © et confortà © par le SCoT permet damà ©liorer le cadre de vie des habitants avec la prà ©sence dune campagne bocagà ¨re à   proximità ©, travaillà ©e par lagriculture. Mais la proximità © de la ville et de lespace agricole ajoute des contraintes qui peuvent fragiliser leur à ©quilibre à ©conomique, laugmentation du foncier produit par une ville dynamique, la cohabitation conflictuel entre citadin et agriculteurs et les dà ©placements difficiles En revanche cette proximità © de la ville permet à   lagriculture de se diversifier en fournissant un marchà © local et en proposant des services. En considà ©rant comme ville lespace bà ¢ti et lespace non-bà ¢ti, les à ©lus se doivent de travaillà ©s en à ©troite collaboration avec les agriculteurs, afin doffrir un meilleur cadre de vie permettant le dà ©veloppement de cette à ©conomie. Dans cette optique, lassociation partenariale entre agglomà ©ration et la chambre dagriculture a permis la crà ©ation de lassociation Terre en ville oà ¹ sà ©change les expà ©riences sur les espaces agricoles pà ©riurbains franà §ais. 3.3. Le programme local de lagriculture, pour une agriculture en cÅ“ur darchipel. En 2008, un accord-cadre est passà © entre la chambre dagriculture, la SAFER Bretagne, Rennes Mà ©tropole et le Pays de Rennes pour coordonner les actions et dà ©finir les conditions de leur mise en Å“uvre. Le programme local de lagriculture soumet cinq thà ¨mes de travail : Echanger autour dun observatoire de lagriculture. Concilier urbanisme, foncier et agriculture Confortà © le bocage dans ses multiples rà ´les Sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique Renfoncer les liens entre les citadins et les agriculteurs. La mise en place dun observatoire de lagriculture du Pays de Rennes, qui publiera un bulletin chaque annà ©e a pour rà ´le de faire partager une vision actualisà ©e de la dynamique agricole du territoire entre les diffà ©rents acteurs agricoles et territoriaux. Les thà ¨mes traità ©s par le programme local de lAgriculture sont : foncier et urbanisme, environnement, lien citadins-agriculture. Pour que la ville archipel fonctionne, il faut que lactività © agricole soit forte. Des actions foncià ¨res sont misent en place pour maintenir cette actività © et permettre une meilleur lisibilità © de lespace rà ©servà © à   lagriculture dans les projets urbains. En 2005 la SAFER Bretagne et Rennes Mà ©tropole passent une convention visant une politique danticipation foncià ¨re et de recherche des terres de compensation pour les exploitants agricoles dont les terres sont rà ©cupà ©rà ©es par les projets urbains. Grace à   ces compensations il est possible de regrouper les parcelles autour des bà ¢timents agricoles, se qui amà ©liore les performances à ©conomique et à ©nergà ©tique des exploitations, en limitant les dà ©placements dengin, en rationnalisant les systà ¨mes de fourrage Lagriculture doit à ªtre traità © dans les PLU comme une priorità © car cest elle qui structure lespace communal. Des rà ©flexions sur la prise en compte de lagriculture dans les PLU ont à ©taient engagà ©es, elles dà ©boucheront sur la mise en place de nouvelles mà ©thodes et la rà ©daction de recommandations à   lattention des municipalità ©s, des techniciens et urbanistes ainsi que des acteurs agricoles. La proximità © de la ville et des actività ©s agricoles pose quelques problà ¨mes, notamment pour des questions de dà ©placements, lagriculture provoque des dà ©placements de matià ¨re et dengins agricole qui on du mal à   cohabiter avec la circulation urbaine. Les plans communaux de dà ©placement des PLU ont en charge didentifier les secteurs oà ¹ le dà ©placement dengin agricole est le plus problà ©matique. Ce qui permet aux communes dintà ©grer dans leurs projets des solutions ou des alternatives. Le paysage rennais se caractà ©rise par la prà ©sence de bocages. Si ces à ©là ©ment du paysage font dà ©sormais partie du patrimoine paysagà © de la rà ©gion, leurs rà ´les est multiples. Ils permettent la rà ©gulation des eaux, prà ©servent la biodiversità ©, offre de lombre pour les troupeaux, ont un rà ´le agronomique et peuvent à ªtre perà §u comme à ©nergie renouvelable. De plus les cheminements largement accessibles offrent aux citadins des espaces de dà ©tente à   la campagne, et permet ainsi de limiter le dà ©membrement des parcelles agricoles pour des zones de loisirs. Mais lentretient de ces haies revient essentiellement aux agriculteurs et les charges pour cette entretient deviennent de plus en plus lourdes du fait de lagrandissement des parcelles. Le programme local de lagriculture prose de redonnà © de la valeur à ©conomique à   lentretient moderne du bocage. Afin de sadapter au nouveau contexte à ©nergà ©tique et climatique, Rennes-Mà ©tropole met en place son plan à ©nergie-climat pour à ©tudier les moyens de rà ©duire la production de gaz à   effet de serre. En effet lagriculture et lagroalimentaire est extrà ªmement consommatrice dà ©nergies fossiles il est donc essentiel de rà ©flà ©chir à   des solutions pour limiter cette consommation, la mise en place dà ©nergie renouvelable tel que la biomasse, là ©olien ou le solaire. De plus lentretient des haies bocagà ¨res peut permettre là ©mergence dune filià ¨re bois-à ©nergie. Une filià ¨re en dà ©veloppement dans la rà ©gion tant chez les particuliers que pour les à ©quipements publics. Lagriculture a la charge des espaces agricoles et naturels de la ville archipel. Se sont les agriculteurs qui faà §onnent lespace et le cadre de vie. Malgrà © limportance de lagriculture pour le dà ©veloppement de la mà ©tropole, les agriculteurs ne sont plus reconnus. Les citadins qui ont le dà ©sir de cette campagne connaissent mal les actività ©s agricoles daujourdhui. Ils ne perà §oivent que les aspects nà ©gatifs de la profession et les gà ªnes engendrà ©es. Mais il en va de mà ªme pour les agriculteurs qui ne comprennent pas forcà ©ment les enjeux urbains. Pour que lagriculture soit và ©ritablement intà ©grà ©e à   la ville il faut quelle soit comprise de tous et pour à §a un travail dinformation doit à ªtre fait. Ce devoir dinformation doit se faire pour le grand public, mais aussi entre les diffà ©rents acteurs (à ©lus locaux, agriculteurs, techniciens) Pour faire passà © le message au plus grand nombre, le Pays de Rennes lance un à ©comusà ©e oà ¹ lon retrouve la mà ©moire rural du pays de Rennes, mais qui surtout pose les questions sur là ©volution de lagriculture local contemporaine. Depuis dà ©jà   quelque temps, le regain dintà ©rà ªt pour une agriculture seine, permet le dà ©veloppement ou le redà ©veloppement des circuits courts comme le marchà © traditionnel mais aussi des mà ©thodes plus innovantes tel la vente de panier, la cueillette à   la ferme ou encore les AMAP (association pour le maintient dune agriculture paysanne), la vente par internet Ces nouvelles filià ¨res permettent de rapprocher lagriculteur du consommateur, mais aussi donnà ©e la possibilità © aux agriculteurs de se diversifier en proposant de nouvelles actività © comme laccueil à   la ferme, lagrotourisme, les fermes pà ©dagogiques, mais aussi de proposà © des services comme lentretient des espace naturels ou des chemins de randonnà ©es, et en collaboration avec la collectività © pour le co-compostage ou la gestion des boues dà ©puration. 3.4. Les AMAP Carte des AMAP du pays de Rennes Voila ce que prà ©conisà © en 2008 le Programme local de lagriculture. Mais comment se sont traduites ces recommandations dans les projets urbains de la mà ©tropole rennaise ? Afin dà ©tudier cette question nous allons nous pencher sur deux projets rà ©alisà ©s à   Rennes a savoir la ZAC de la Courouze et celle de Beauregard, ainsi que dans la ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-lande. 4. Exemples de projets rennais 4.1. Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande est une commune à   cinq kilomà ¨tres des premiers faubourgs de Rennes. Cest au centre de la commune que se construit une nouvelle ville de 8 000 habitants. Un projet qui pourrait surprendre à   une à ©poque oà ¹ lextension des pà ©riphà ©ries se ralentie fortement. Cette ville a longtemps à ©chappà ©e à   lurbanisation du fait de la prà ©sence sur son territoire de nombreuses installations militaires. Le maire, Daniel Delaveau a toujours fait preuve de dà ©termination pour mener son projet à   terme. Des les annà ©es 70 il commence lacquisition progressive de tous les terrains du secteur. Durant 7 ans il se bat avec les services de lEtat et du dà ©partement pour que la route de Redon ( 2 fois 2 voies ) ne soit pas une voies expresse mais un boulevard urbain reliant un nouveau quartier. Il pose un point dhonneur à   la conservation du paysage qui fabrique sa ville, en souhaitant la prà ©servation dun atout majeur du site, les prairies bocagà ¨res. En 1992 la ville lance un concours durbanisme pour le nouveau centre de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande. Il est remportà © par Jean-Pierre Pranlas-Descours en association avec les paysagistes Christophe Delmar et Anne-Sylvie Bruel. En 1994 le projet est formalisà © dans le plan directeur gà ©nà ©ral qui fixe les principes urbains, paysagà ©s et architecturaux. Le paysage dans lequel simplante le nouveau centre ville de Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande nest pas des plus remarquables, il ne possà ¨de pas và ©ritablement dà ©là ©ments marquant le paysage. Une topographie douce, sans trop daccident, ni de dà ©nivelà ©. Et pourtant de toutes les communes environnantes cest elle qui a le mieux conservà © sont hà ©ritage rural, des grandes à ©tendues herbeuses en là ©gà ¨re pente, des haies bocagà ¨re pour dà ©limiter les anciennes proprià ©tà ©s des à ©là ©ments peut perceptibles mais qui valorisà ©es peuvent permettre dancrer le nouveau quartier dans son territoire.[] 4.2. La ZAC de la Courrouze 4.3. La ZAC Beauregard 5. Autres exemples 5.1. Lexemple de plateau de Saclay. 5.1.1- Historique du plateau de Saclay. Le plateau de Saclay a connu de nombreux changements au cours de son histoire. Avant le XVIIe sià ¨cle le plateau nà ©tait quune immense plaine marà ©cageuse. Ces marà ©cages limitaient lagriculture à   une pratique traditionnelle et anarchique. A la fin du XVIIe sià ¨cle, les à ©tangs infà ©rieurs du plateau de Saclay ont servi à   une partie de lalimentation en eau du chà ¢teau de Versailles. Depuis cette à ©poque les eaux pluviales du plateau sont drainà ©es en son centre dans un à ©tang situà © entre Saclay et Villeras. Suite à   ce rà ©seau de drainage le plateau devient, un sià ¨cle plus tard, parmi les plus fertiles de la rà ©gion parisienne et permet une agriculture plus intensive. On y produisait de lavoine, du seigle, de lorge et du blà © sur une surface de mille trois cent cinquante hectares destinà © exclusivement au seul marchà © parisien. Lagriculture sintensifient et se diversifient, elle se modernise jusquà   devenir progressivement une agriculture dite scientifique. De plus en plus dorganismes de recherche agronomique sinstallent sur le plateau, elles aident les agriculteurs à   acquà ©rir des connaissances et à   amà ©liorer leur rendement. Mais limplantation sur le plateau de Saclay de ces nombreux organismes accà ©là ¨re son urbanisation de faà §on exponentielle. Le plateau nest plus reconnu pour ses excellentes terres cultivables, mais devient lun des cinq premiers centres denvergure europà ©enne frà ©quentà © par plus de trente mille physiciens, chercheurs ou autres ingà ©nieurs. Au cours du XXe sià ¨cle, le plateau de Saclay perd sa dimension paysagà ¨re et apparaà ®t comme une zone rurale sans grand intà ©rà ªt. Les auteurs de là ©poque ny voient quune vaste à ©tendu monotone et austà ¨re dominà ©e par une agriculture moderne et productive dà ©pourvu de tout pittoresque. Depuis 1945, lotissements, installations industrielles, aà ©rodromes continuent à   sà ©tendre sur dexcellentes terres à   culture. Un des exemples les plus caractà ©ristiques est celui du Centre de recherche de Saclay ; on a sacrifià © là   des terres qui comptaient parmi les meilleures de la banlieue parisienne pour à ©courter les dà ©placements de techniciens habitant Paris. (M. Phillipponneau) Le plateau de Saclay est dà ©sormais caractà ©risà © par son centre dà ©tude nuclà ©aire, il devient le plateau de la matià ¨re grise, un haut lieu de la science franà §aise. Il est dà ©sormais cà ©là ¨bre pour ces à ©quipements scientifiques de pointes. Jusqua la fin des annà ©es soixante-dix ces à ©quipements scientifique à ©taient perà §ues positivement par le grand public cette actività © permis douvrir le plateau de Saclay sur lextà ©rieur et le fit reconnaitre. Mais il à ©tait essentiellement connu pour cette actività © et son paysage à ©tait perà §u comme un pa