Mediation Between Mediation And Arbitration - 998 Words

Conflict Resolution Exam Mediation and Arbitration are both ways to fix a conflict but in fact are very different. Mediation is when two parties negotiate what they want from this conflict. A mediator is involved to make sure the right steps are followed. This is unlike arbitration because in arbitration each party presents there information to an arbitrator who decides what will happen. Mediation is nonbinding where as Arbitration is binding. In arbitration you are ordered to take it by an employer, by a judge or if you’re compelled by contract. Where in Mediation participation is not mandatory. The victim or the offender can refuse to participate. Arbitration can take place anywhere although, it usually happens in a board or†¦show more content†¦Over the years peacekeeping has drastically changed, because conflicts are changing. Canada learned firsthand how conflict has changed when we tried to help Rwanda on a peace keeping mission that drastically failed. With th e new liberal government, they have promised to take part in more peacekeeping missions. To do so it is important that we look at these new theories that we have discovered since our great failures. Peacekeeping is used to put an immediate end to conflict and to help the parties fighting rebuild. The peacekeepers take part in many roles such as destroying surrendered weapons, training security and entrenching human rights. The first theory is the peacekeeping umbrella, it is designed to depict graphically the larger inclusion of peacekeeping activities. Such activities include monitoring, training and aiding military and policing. The peacekeeping umbrella focuses on economics, political dependency and interpersonal reconciliation. The peacekeeping umbrella is important because it focuses on peacebuilding to help the futures of the parties. The next theory is the UN House, it was established in 1997 to fix the problems in prior peacekeeping missions as stated by former UN official UNPROFOR â€Å"Inability to adapt to the rapidly changing environment in which military and civilian personale have to operate will reduce chances of success in the mission and increase exposure to risk and casualties.† The UN house is aShow MoreRelatedMediation Between Mediation And Arbitration2360 Words   |  10 Pages Mediation and Arbitration are both ways to fix a conflict, but in fact are very different. Mediation is when two parties negotiate what they want from this conflict . A mediator is involved to make sure the right steps are followed. This is unlike arbitration because in arbitration, each party presents their information to an arbitrator who decides what will happen. Mediation is nonbinding where as Arbitration is binding. In arbitration you are ordered to take it by an employer, by a judge or ifRead MoreDifferences Between Arbitration And Mediation1902 Words   |  8 PagesDifferences between Arbitration and Mediation: Arbitration occurs when a neutral third party â€Å"hears a dispute and imposes† (Miller Cross, 2013) their decision on both parties. Mediation transpires when an unbiased third party works with both sides to â€Å"facilitate a resolution† (Miller Cross, 2013). Arbitration and mediation both work to find a solution to the conflict between two parties; but arbitration differs from mediation through the role of the neutral third party, the formality of theRead MoreConflict Management Arbitration and Mediation1006 Words   |  4 PagesConflict Management Arbitration and Mediation It is well recognized that the availability of prompt, effective and economical means of dispute resolution is an important element in the orderly growth and encouragement of international investment and trade. Increasingly, arbitration and mediation, instead of litigation in national courts, have become the preferred means of resolving international commercial disputes. Arbitration: Arbitrat ion is a procedure in which a dispute is submitted, by agreementRead MoreDispute Resolution Processes Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pageswhich conflict mediation professionals and other private nonprofit organization take on a broad array of roles. This research paper defines some of the different roles established in the dispute resolution processes, with an outline to some advantages of employing alternative dispute resolution ADR. Mediation Mediation is one of several approaches to conflict resolution that uses a third party intermediary to help the disputing parties resolve their conflict. Unlike arbitration, where the thirdRead MoreMediation Is A Type Of Alternative Dispute Resolution1365 Words   |  6 PagesMediation is a type of alternative dispute resolution that gives the two disputing parties a third party to help them discuss and revise their points of conflict. The mediator acknowledges the points of which the parties are in agreement upon and builds upon those to create a solution between the two parties. Similarly, arbitration includes a third party that listens to the two disputing parties. However, in arbitration the arbitrator or the third party gives a final decision. In most cases,Read MoreA Brief Note On Alternative Dispute Resolution And Other Forms Of Helping Professions1462 Words   |  6 Pageshelping professions. It is vital that conflicts between opposing parties are managed in order for pr ogress to be achieved. By maintaining a controlled environment during the negotiation process, the two parties will often be able to come to a resolution of their differences. Sometimes it can be difficult for two parties to work together without the help of a third party to assist in the process. This person can work as a mediator or arbitrator between the parties, able to make suggestions throughoutRead MoreMediation in Third Party Intervention919 Words   |  4 PagesMediation in Third Party Intervention Communication and Conflict In cases of conflict where parties are having difficulty communicating or negotiating an outside help or third party can help the parties communicate effectively. Third parties1 act as a facilitator and help each side in analyze the conflict (Burgess, Burgess, 1998). Third party interventions are available in several forms. Informal third party intervention consists of helping parties with whom relationalRead MoreDispute Resolution : A Conflict Diagnosis Approach1690 Words   |  7 PagesADR, Chapter 3: Mediation: An Introduction, Chapter 4: The Law and Ethics of Mediation and Chapter 5: Arbitration (Coltri, 2009). The Importance to Know and Define Terms Chapter 1 focuses on definitions of three topics. The first topic focuses on interpersonal conflicts. It defined terms that focus on interpersonal conflict. According to Stella Ting-Toomey, she defines interpersonal conflict as â€Å"the perceived and/or actual incompatibilities of needs, interests, and /or goals between two [or more] interdependentRead MoreAlternate Disputes Resolutions: Mediation and Arbitration889 Words   |  4 Pagesother procedures, the most commonly used are mediation and arbitration. An important advantage of ADR is that it saves time and money. Since there are rules and regulations that have to be followed in a trial, the procedure is more formal and sometimes people miss the opportunity to tell the story as they want. With ADR the outcome is frequently more positive, it prevents ending relations between persons, companies and organizations. Mediation is the process in which parties find a solutionRead MoreDiscuss the Processes Available in Alternative Dispute Resolution1469 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide various methods of dispute management to litigation that are in place today . The main processes available are mediation, conciliation (though it can be used interchangeably with mediation as it ¡Ã‚ ¦s considered a form of mediation), independent expert appraisal or evaluation, arbitration (though technically is not included as ADR and will be discussed further under  ¡Ã‚ ¥Arbitration ¡Ã‚ ¦) and mini trials . There are many advantages and disadvantages for these methods. Most commonly referred to advantages

Female Athletes And Male Athletes - 1741 Words

According to Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, â€Å"Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in [the] Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.† Because of the establishment of this international document, much progression toward the equality of rights for all with inherited and acquired traits has been achieved over time. In particular, gender equality has made a great deal of headway since the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. Even though this may be the case, there is no doubt that female athletes are far from considered equal as compared to male athletes in modern sports. In today’s sports society, women athletes are still discriminated against based on lower salaries, less media coverage, and lack of opportunity. Female athletes are discriminated against in modern sports because they have lower salaries than the male athletes. Over the years the wage gap between male and female athletes has increased tremendously. The wage gap that has been viewed as one of the most extraordinary is the gap between men and women basketball players. An article by David Berri talks about this outrageous money difference. Diana Taurasi plays a big part in the Women’s National Basketball Association, especially being the one that led the Phoenix Mercury to win the league championship in 2014. Taurasi wasShow MoreRelatedFemale Athletes And Male Athletes1390 Words   |  6 Pagespretty clear that in today’s society males are the dominate figure in sports. Unlike female athletes, men receive a tremendous amount of media attention than female athletes. Young boys grow up watching television bombarded with heroic images of male athletes. They have something to look up to, while young girls do not re ceive the same images. Male and female athletes have many equal opportunities when it comes to playing and succeeding in sports. Yet it seems that male sports happen to catch more of theRead MoreComparison Essay: Female Versus Male Athletes989 Words   |  4 Pages Why do female athletes receive less media coverage than male athletes? Male athletes dominate professional sport that airs on television. The media easily overlooks female athletes except during occasion like the Winter Olympics. The articles Media Coverage of Women’s Sports is Important (Lopiano, 2008) and Take Back the Sports Page? (Sommers, 2010) acknowledge factors that determine the amount of media coverage female athletes receive. [Lopiano and Sommers address this issue in regards to mediaRead MoreSports And Male Domination : The Female Athlete As Contested Ideological Terrain998 Words   |  4 PagesWith the rise of feminism, gender inequality has been quite the topic in todays time. With the wanting of equal rights and treatment it has been pointed out as per which all places males have the hegemonic overview and women are the oppressed; one of the areas where its unequal in gender is in sport. This paper will examine and break down the issues regarding sex and gender biases within sports in modern day media and how it can be resolved. Over the course of time, sports have come to signify masculinity;Read MoreGender Stereotyping Of Sports Media1743 Words   |  7 PagesGender stereotyping in sports media is something we see everyday in magazines and on TV. Since sports were invented, males have dominated one of Canada’s largest pastimes. Reasons for this being physicality and strength, but as time progressed women began to become more involved in the culture of sport. Today there is almost an equal amount of women participating in sports as man, yet women are still not being represented with the same approach as men. About a month ago I found a video onlineRead MoreTreat Injuries For Female Athletes Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesAnother way to help treat injuries for female athletes is to use a foam roller to help alleviate the pain that accompanies the injury. There are also ways to stretch out by rolling on a foam roller and this will help keep your fascia smooth and healthy (Carlson). If the fem ales take the time to roll out their muscles on a foam roller they will prevent future injuries by relaxing their muscles. When the athlete is able to relax and stretch out the muscles, this helps the muscles to be more flexibleRead MoreTraining the Female Athlete Essay632 Words   |  3 Pages Training the Female Athlete In this Podcast, Peter Melanson interviews Diane Vives – director of Vives Training Systems in Austin, Texas, on training female athletes. Peter asks Diane a series of questions in regards to female athletes versus male athletes on how to train better, the differences between training, and the types of injuries caused from the training between men and women athletes. Diane answers with questions with research and studies thatRead MoreGender Inequality : Sport Is Becoming Popular1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reason that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolize an image of p hysical health, and sexualRead MoreGender Inequality : Sports For Females And Females1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reasons that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolizes an image of physical health, and sexualRead MoreFemale Athlete Injuries1063 Words   |  5 PagesSince the media does not emphasize the severity of female athlete injuries when the player experiences them, the athlete needs to learn post-treatments to help speed up the recovery time. Learning treatments for the injuries that a female athlete incurs may also help prevent any future injuries. Thomas says, â€Å" plyometric exercises, proprioception, agility, overall biomechanics corrective exercises† (Thomas). When a female is injured while playing a sport, they should go through rigorous exercisesRead MoreDrug and Alcohol Use by Student Athletes Essay1057 Words   |  5 PagesDrug and Alcohol Use by Student Athletes The topic that I have chosen is student athletes use of drugs and alcohol. Im interested to see if the old theory that student athletes tend to stay away from these things still holds true today. From my own personal experience as a former high school and college football player, I doubt that this is true. Id also like to find some studies that may compare student athletes to the general student body to see if there is a correlation of usage between

As mental health services become more mainstream the...

As mental health services become more mainstream the individuals seeking those services become more diverse. The need for culturally competent counselors is on the rise. The following will highlight a scenario in which I am morally opposed to homosexuality and find myself working with a client who discloses he is homosexual and is having problems in his romantic relationship with another man. How I would handle this situation, ways in which my own moral standards in the context of this therapeutic relationship would be maintained, ways in which my moral stance might impact therapy, ways in which disclosure of my moral values may come into play, and considerations for how to address clashes between my own values and client values in the†¦show more content†¦I find that I can work with the client, but will need to maintain my own moral standards at the same time. The first step to maintaining my own moral standards in the context of this therapeutic relationship is to first be aware of my feelings and opinions regarding my client’s sexual orientation. Once I am aware, I need to be accepting of my feelings and opinions. Acceptance does not suggest I am right and the client is wrong, but rather that I am comfortable with my values and accept them as they are. It is not wise to ignore or deny these feelings as they will likely come out in unexpected ways. Once I have become aware of and accepted my morals, next I need to identify if they are coming into play with this client in a negative way. If my morals are coming into play there are several ways this impact the therapy I am doing with this client. The ways in which impact can occur is through building rapport, maintaining a therapeutic alliance, through my approach including treatment planning and goals, through transference or countertransference, and by limiting my ability to help this client with their issue. Before 1973 the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders viewed homosexuality as a psychological disorder. This resulted in treatment plans that involved reorienting the individual to be heterosexual (Fontaine Hammond, 1996). Although this practice is no longer common and has been debunked many times a metaphorical wedge betweenShow MoreRelatedThomas J. Dodd Research Study Sample746 Words   |  3 Pagesundergraduate and graduate students between the ages of 18 and 25 years old. The undergraduate and graduate students from psychology and sociology classes at the University of Connecticut are recruited to participate in a self-report survey. A random sample of 240 students will be acquired, 120 males and 120 females. These students will range from different races, ethnicities, and socio-economic background. The participants will first be clustered based on gender, then subcategorized by social classRead MoreSample Mean5290 Words   |  22 PagesTo distinguish between different sampling methods The concept of the sampling distribution To compute probabilities related to the sample mean and the sample proportion The importance of the Central Limit Theorem 7-2 Why Sample? DCOVA Selecting a sample is less time-consuming than selecting every item in the population (census). An analysis of a sample is less cumbersome and more practical than an analysis of the entire population. 7-3 A Sampling Process Begins With A SamplingRead MoreNormal Distribution and Random Sample1379 Words   |  6 Pages156–Sat: HW #4 Name: 1. What is the difference between [pic] and[pic]? Between s and[pic]? (10 points) 2. Explain the difference between [pic] and [pic] and between [pic] and[pic]? (10 points) 3. Suppose that a random sample of size 64 is to be selected from a population having [pic] and standard deviation 5. (a) What are the mean and standard deviation of the [pic] sampling distribution? Can we say that the shape of the distribution is approximately normalRead MoreCritique: Sample Size and Personal Message2229 Words   |  9 Pagescurrent research. Most of the literature dealt with using relaxation techniques and guided imagery and not specifically with the use of a personalized message from the physician with music. Most of the previous research also dealt with small sample sizes, or case studies. Previous research was also unable to determine how effective each individual technique was. (Sabo Michael, 1996) The references used were effective in presenting the case for this study. The reference list itselfRead MoreWhat Is The Visual Sample Plan ( VP 7 ) 7. 0 Review?979 Words   |  4 Pagessoftware that can ease this process for many researchers in various fields of study. An example of such a sampling software is the Visual Sample Plan version 7.0 (VSP 7.0). Definition and Characteristics VSP 7.0 is a research sampling tool created to help researchers identify the number of items they need from a population to form a sample and the locations of these sample items in a study area (Matzke et al., 2014). The software has ten tabs. These tabs are File, Map, Edit, Sampling Goals, Tools, OptionsRead MoreUsing A Sample Size Is Dependent On The Study Design963 Words   |  4 Pagesis true that the sample size is dependent on the study design, on statistical analysis used to answer the study questions, and on the anticipated association between the outcome and the risk factor. The sample size should not be too large as it wastes money and time both to the investigators and participants in the study. It should not be too small as well because it may lead to inaccurate results causing a waste of time and resources. In addition, participates in a large sample size may be exposedRead MoreStatistical Hypothesis Testing and Independent Samples Outcome15064 Words   |  61 Pagesl evel. If the sample size is n = 10 from each population, the samples are independent, and sample standard deviations are used, and the variances are assumed equal, then the critical value will be t = 2.1009. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Keywords: confidence interval, mean difference, independent, sample Section: 10-1 Estimation for Two Population Means Using Independent Samples Outcome: 1 2) To find a confidence interval for the difference between the means of independent samples, when the variancesRead MoreStatistical Inferences Based on Two Samples Essay6346 Words   |  26 PagesTwo Samples True/False 1. An independent sample experiment is an experiment in which there is no relationship between the measurements in the different samples. Answer: True Difficulty: Medium 2. When testing the difference between two proportions selected from populations with large independent samples, the Z test statistic is used. Answer: True Difficulty: Medium 3. In forming a large sample confidence interval for [pic], two assumptions are required: independent samples andRead MoreSample Size Determination Is An Important Part Of Any Research834 Words   |  4 PagesSample size determination is an important part of any research. Probable size of study should be considered, which is required to reach the study aims at the design phase. The figuring of a fitting sample size depends on a subjective decision of certain elements and occasionally crude approximate of others, and could as an outcome appear rather artificial (Whitley and Ball, 2002). Thus, there are foremost three key factors which should be taken into account in computation of a proper sample sizeRead MoreSampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Qualitative Research Plan1156 Words   |  5 PagesSampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Qualitative Research Plan Sampling strategy and sample size is distinctly influenced by the research approach taken. This applies both to the overall research direction appropriate for a proposed study (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods) as well as to the technique applied to explore the phenomenon under investigation. Moreover, even though Ms. Lynn noted that quantitative and qualitative research methods exist on a continuum, where different methods

Crime Examined Through Four Theoretical Perspectives Free Essays

Crime Examined through Four theoretical Perspectives Crime is defined as a breach of rules or laws that have been set by the government. Society has been given a set of rules that everyone who believes in good morals, follow. A crime would be anyone who has broken these set of laws for personal reasons such as greed. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Examined Through Four Theoretical Perspectives or any similar topic only for you Order Now As of 2006, the crime rate of Toronto was 1,000 per 100,000. This has as shown a decrease since 2002. Crime has become an entity that is a part of society, without it, society would not function correctly. In the study of sociology, crime can be explained in four theoretical perspectives; Functionalism, conflict, interactionism, and feminism. Functionalism is a theoretical orientation which views society as a system of interdependent parts whose functions contribute to keep society alive and stable. Crime has been a part of society since the beginning and yet we have not done anything drastic to reduce or even remove it because it is needed for society to function normally. Crime has become the somewhat normal in society because of it creates employment opportunities for everyone. Law enforcement, lawyers and judges, security guards all have jobs built around the negativity of crime. People commit crimes for personal reasons such as to support family, themselves, and/or drug addictions. There are endless reasons to why people commit crimes. When a crime has been committed, it disrupts social by changing the normal function of society. The Conflict theory is a perspective that accentuates the social status, political, and discrimination in the social group. Society has a stereotypical view on those who commit a crime. Race and social status has played a large role in this discrimination. Crimes How to cite Crime Examined Through Four Theoretical Perspectives, Papers

Ritz-Carlton Hotels free essay sample

Making you Say Wow (Chapter 3 page 68-69) When you hear the name the Ritz-Carlton Hotels, what words come to your mind? Luxury? Elegance? Formal, or maybe even dull and boring? Very expensive? Three words that the company hopes come to mind are exemplary customer service. Ritz-Carlton is committed to treating its guests like royalty. It has very different corporate cultures in the hotel and lodging industry, and employees are referred to as â€Å"our ladies and gentleman. † Its motto is printed on a card that employees carry with them: â€Å"We are Ladies and Gentleman serving Ladies and Gentleman. And these ladies and gentleman of the Ritz have been trained in very detailed standards and specifications for treating customers. These standards were established more than a century ago by founders Caesar Ritz and August Escoffier. Ritz employees are continually schooled in company lore and company values. Every day at 15-minute â€Å"lineup† sessions at each hotel propoer ty, managers reinforce company values and review techniques. We will write a custom essay sample on Ritz-Carlton Hotels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And these values are the basis for all employee training and rewards. Nothing is left to chance when it comes to providing exemplary customer service. People looking to get a job in this hotel are tested both for cultural fit and for qualities associated with a real passion to serve customers. A company executive says, â€Å"The smile has to come naturally†. Although staff memebers are expected to be warm and caring, their behaviour towards guests had been extremely detailed and scripted. That is why a new customer service philosophy implemented in mid-2006 was so different from what the Ritz had been doing before 2006. The Company’s new approach is almost the opposite from what the company had been doing till 2006. Do not tell employees how to make guests happy. Now they are expected to figure it out. Says Diana Oreck, vice president, â€Å"We moved away from the heavily prescriptive, scripted appproach and toward managing to outcomes†. The outcome didn’t change, though. The goal is still a happy guest who’s really happy and delighted by the service received. Howevery, under the new approach, staff members interactions with guests are more natural, relaxed, rather than sounding like they are reading lines from a book.

Marketing Approaches of Nike and Li-Ning Essay Example

Marketing Approaches of Nike and Li-Ning Paper Introduction  Nike Target Market Mature marketing approaches bring companies considerable fortune, especially in such a competitive market. Therefore, marketing people play an essential role in planning, decision-making, market segmenting, targeting, pricing and positioning. In the following report, it will explore the marketing theory and practice of two products of two famous companies, the world’s largest sports goods company Nike and China’s popular sports brand Li-Ning. This report focuses on Nike’s basketball shoes and Li-Ning’s running shoes. Industry background 2008 Olympic Games took place in Beijing last month, meanwhile, the Olympic spirit is broadcasting everywhere across the world. Increasingly individuals attend sports activities in order to keep healthy. As a result, the sports product industry has developed rapidly over the last two decades. Besides Nike and Li-Ning, there are many competitors such as Reebok, Adidas, Fila and Converse. These companies are the dominant leaders in the marketplace and lead this industry. The sports goods industry expecially footwear manufacturing, is currently experiencing intensive competition. Nike is one of the industry leaders, â€Å"with a 47% market share, followed by Reebok with a figure at 16%, and Adidas at 6%† (Hays, 2000, P. 31). Li-Ning Company Limited is one of the leading sports brand enterprises in the PRC which is one of the most popular sports brand in the world. â€Å"It has covered more than 90% market share of the world’s largest market—China, almost every thirty seconds Li-Ning running shoes will be sold† (Hays, 2000, P. 35). We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Approaches of Nike and Li-Ning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Approaches of Nike and Li-Ning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Approaches of Nike and Li-Ning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This category of running shoes is facing decreasing demand because there is the rising popularity of alternative footwear, resulting in more pressure than ever before to achieve high profit through effective global sourcing practices. Company background Nike company Nike, Inc. is the worlds leading sports and fitness company, â€Å"with 2000 sales of $9 billion. † The company has made a strong commitment to sustainability in both word and deed over the past several years. Three core values of the company are â€Å"honesty, competitiveness, and teamwork†. Despite its size, Nike operates with a minimum of hierarchy. As a result, there is a lot of collaboration and consensus decision-making. Commonly held values are imperative in such a matrix organization. (Nike Official, 2008). Nike has a strong ability of Research and Development, its new style is always fashionable in appearance and professional in function, for example, Nike dunks, Jordan shoes, Nike air force one. Nike has been manufacturing around the Asian region for over twenty-five years and there are over 500,000 people today who participate in the production of their products directly. Li-Ning company As described on Li-Ning company’s website (2008), LI-Ning Company Ltd. was founded in Guangdong Province in 1990 by LI-Ning who was a Chinese Olympic gymnast. It is one of the leading sports brand enterprises in the PRC. It has its own branding, research and development, design, manufacturing, distribution and retail capabilities. Li-Nings logo design is based on its own initial letters L and N. The Groups products include sports footwear, apparel and accessories for sport and leisure use which are primarily sold under its own Li-Ning brand (Li-Ning Company, 2008). The products of Li Ning sports goods continue to be more popular in China than those of foreign competitors. Strategic marketing and planning Most marketing organizations operate according to formal plans. Pride, Thiele, Waller, Elliott, Paladino Ferrell, (2007) claim that strategic planning is the process of establishing an organizational mission and formulating goals, corporate strategy, marketing objectives, marketing strategy and a marketing plan. Based on Nike Official (2008), the mission of Nike is to be a company that better than all others in the sports footwear industry. They hope to maintain their position by providing high quality and new fashion comfortable footwear to consumers of all ages and lifestyles. They promise to make their products easily available worldwide through the use of retail outlets and their company web site. Nike’s management believes that their success lies in the hands of our teammates, customers, shareholders and the communities in which they operate. Meanwhile, the vision of Nike is to remain the leader in the industry. They continue to produce quality products that they have provided in the past and meet the ever-changing needs of their customers, through product innovation. In comparison, the primary objective of Li-Ning is to increase its overall market share â€Å"from the current 17% to 20% in 3 years time† and defend its first place in China sportswear market against strong competition (Li-Ning Company). To achieve this goal, Li-Ning has to improve the customers’ brand recognition, rationalize market segments and the mission of Li-Ning is through sports, they â€Å"inspire people’s desire and power to make breakthroughs. † The vision is to be the worlds leading brand in the sports goods industry. Macroenvironmental factors The organization and its suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customers, competitors and publics all operate in a large macroenvironment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the organization†. The macroenvironment consists of six major forces, they are â€Å"demographic forces, economic forces, natural forces, technological forces, political forces, cultural forces† (Kolter, et al, 2006, P. 81). Demographic environment Assessing the demographic environment entails observing and monitoring population trends. The demographic profile includes the size, age, density, location, sex, race, occupation and other statistics of the population (Shank, 1999). The changing age structure of the population is one of the important aspects. Figure 1 shows a diagram in which the ages and sexes for the Chinese population structure. As can be seen from the diagram, there is a large population at the age of 10-50 years old. (U. S. Census Bureau, International Date Base, 2001). The movement of population is also a problem that both of these two companies should consider. Economic environment The economic environment is another uncontrollable factor for sports marketers to consider. â€Å"The purchasing power depends on the income condition and the consumer spending patterns† (Shank, 1999, P. 78). As figure 1. 2 showed that, the world’ s economy has grown rapidly in the past twenty years, as a result, people’s living standard and income have increased as well. However, consumers’ spending patterns are more varied. That means the consumers have different need and tastes. These factors can be a threat to sports shoes companies. Cultural and social trends Cultural and social trends also influence the market of sports products. Nowadays sports and youthfulness are symbolic of many people’s core values. More and more people pay attention to sports activities (figure 1. 3). Sports activity seems to be growing in popularity as a result of the renewed emphasis on family values. As a result of this the market of sports wear becomes larger and larger, at the same time the sale of running shoes is increasing quickly (Li-Ning Company). Microenvironmental factors The micro environment consists of the forces close to the organization that affects its ability to serve its customers—the organization, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets competitors and various publics. † (Kolter, et al, 2006, P. 78) Suppliers The suppliers are an important link in the organisation’s overall customer ‘value delivery system’, they provide the resources needed by the organsiation to produce its goods and service. Nike and Li-Ning both chose developing countries the biggest supplier market because of the lower cost and huge amount of resources. As a company that wants to earn more profit, Nike reduces its costs as it also has some supplier market in South Africa where there is one of the cheapest labors force in the world. But at the same time Nike also is surrounded by some ethical issues. Competitors Competitor is one of the micro-environment factors need to consider. Davidson, Simon Gottschalk, Hunt, Wood and Griffin (2006) say that an organization that wants to be successful must have 3 distinct characteristics: They are of value to the customer They are better than that of the majority of other competitors They are difficult to imitate or replicate Nike and Li Ning have the same competitors such as Reebok, Adidas, Fila, Converse, and New Balance. All of them are playing an important part in the sports world. Kotler, et al(2006) define marketing intermediaries help company to promote, sell and distribute its products to final buyers. They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies and financial intermediaries. Nike maintains more than 100 countries targeting its primary market regions: United States, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Americas. Furthermore, the public force expecially government policy is another component of microenvironment factors. Some policies are protecting domestic market such as Chinese government has made some policy to encourage Li-Ning which is Chinese brand. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a very useful and popular planning tools that product manager use to determine the situation of the product. Pride, Sellit, Rundle-Thiele, Waller, Paladino and Ferrell (2006, p. 34) describe a SWOT analysis can assist with the marketing planning process by addressing issues that need to be considered in the creating of the marketing plan. By recognizing an organization’s strengths and weaknesses, it is possible to match capabilities with external opportunities and threats and develop strategic to assist the organization to compete effectively in the market place. Market segmentation Market segmentation is dividing the while market into direct groups of buyers who might require separate products or marketing mixes, and also it’s the process of analysis is customers into groups depend on their different needs, behavior or characteristics. (Kotler et al. 2006,P231). Geographical segmentation Demographic segmentation Psychographic segmentation Behavioral segmentation The importance of market segmentation results from the fact that the buyers of a product or service are no homogenous group. Actually, every buyer has individual needs, preferences, resources and behaviors. Since it is virtually impossible to cater for every customers individual characteristics, marketers group customers to market segments by variables they have in common. These common characteristics allow developing a standardized marketing mix for all customers in this segment. For basketball shoes the most important factor should be considered is the demographic segmentation. Shilbury, Quick and Westerbeek (2003 P. 66) believe that â€Å"most important demographic determinants being gender, age, religion, income, occupation, level of education, marital status, geography, and stage in the family life cycle†. Although all demographic variables are important, the age and life cycle, gender and income have the greatest impact on sport consumption. Base on the age and life cycle and gender factors Nike divide their basketball shoes into a few different groups such as 15-24 years old children and 24 years old male and female. The main market is the group at age of 15-24. Li-Ning also uses the same way to divide its running shoes market. Income can divide market into a few different groups, Nike focus on the middle and above middle class meanwhile, Li-Ning focus on the middle. Psychographic segmentation dividing a market into groups based on social class, lifestyle or personality characteristic (Kotler, Adam, Brown, Armstrong). Socioeconomic classes have a strong effect on performance in clothing. people’s economic situation will affect product choice, it will have a strong influence on people consider buying an expensive new basketball shoes or running shoes or buy cheaper one or do not buy it. Because of this Nike and Li Ning usually set up their shop in big city or some rich town. Behavioral segmentation dividing a market into groups based on consumers’ knowledge of, attitude towards, uses for and responses to a product. In order to creative high loyalty both Nike and Li-Ning set some VIP card for their high loyalty consumers that offer some special discount and service. Target markets Trying to sell to everyone can be wasteful, as not everyone would demand. Targeting offers the possibility of reducing waste and maximizing market response. â€Å"Target market is a specific group of customers on whom an organization focuses its marketing efforts† (Pride, Thiele, Waller, Elliott, Paladino, Ferrell, 2007). The selection of the appropriate target market follows the process of segmentation. Because of its main target market is young people, Nikes primary starting point for expanding the market will select the youth. Also the consumers on the market have personality characteristics such as love sports, strong sense of revered hero and sports stars, lively thinking and imagination. Meanwhile, Li-Ning concentrates on its domestic market which proves efficiently. Because China has the largest population across the world different nations have different tastes. Moreover, Li-Ning is China’s own brand that protect by Chinese government and consumers. Targeting Strategy A number of strategies can help guide a manager’s choice of target markets. â€Å"Three of the more common of these are mass-market, niche-market, and growth-market strategies†(Walker, Boyd, 1999, P187). The marketing organization can adopt one of three market-coverage strategies: â€Å"undifferentiated marketing differentiated marketing or concentrated marketing† (Keith, 2000, PP398-399). Both Nike and Li-Ning use differentiated marketing strategy, because basketball shoes and running shoes can vary in design, both of these two products are in the mature stage f product life cycle, for basketball shoes and running shoes market their customers’ needs are different. These factors above are all suitable for they to use differentiated marketing strategy, but at the same time their main competitors also use the same strategy that will bring some challenges for Nike and Li Ning. Positioning Strategy Marketers can follow several positioning strategies. They can position their product on specific product attributes, usage occasions as well or the need they fill or the benefits they offer. â€Å"A product can also be positioned directly against a competitor. Finally, the product can be positioned for different product classes†(Kotler, et al. 2006,P234). There are a few way of positioning, in the book principles of marketing Kotler, et al. (2006, p234) write that â€Å"Company can position products on specific product attributes, products can be positioned on the needs they fill or the benefits they offer, products can be positioned on the certain classes of users, a product can also be positioned directly against a competitor, finally the product can be positioned for different product class†. Choosing and implementing a positioning should identify a positional direction. â€Å"The positioning task consists of three steps: identifying a set of possible competitive advantages on which to build a position; selecting the right competitive advantages; and effectively communicating and delivering the chosen position to the market† (Kolter, et al. 2006, P235) Compare with other basketball companies Nike’s competitive advantage is the high brand reputation, good design and advanced technology. So Nike’s positioning strategy mixed by all these strategies has been outlined above and it is dominated by the strategy position the product for certain classes of users and specific product attributes. Li-Ning’s competitive advantage is the cheaper price and good quality, it also use all of the five strategies, but it is dominated by the approach of positioned on the benefits they offer. Conclusion In conclusion, for Nike and Li Ning to gain a successful market in the sportswear world is not so simple. There are so many factors they should consider, such as the macroenvironmental and microenvironmental forces. It is a good choice to work out a wonderful SWOT analysis in order to assist in building a smart strategic marketing and planning. Identify the market segments and then chose the right target market, then implement suitable targeting and positioning strategy are also the essential steps for Nike and Li Ning. Recommendations Nike and Li-Ning have already done some good efforts of these a few aspects, but for long time successful there are more they need to do. From this report it is easy to find there are still some drawbacks in Nike and Li-Ning. Nike as a ‘big brother’ in the sports good market also face some ethic issues that may deduct the reputation of its brand, such as the issue of using cheaper labor force. In the sensitive circumstance in nowadays Nike should try to avoid this debate issue. Nike also should abroad its target market to achieve more market share. Li-Ning as a leader of Chinese sports goods company, it also need to explore more new products to gain a bigger market scale and develop new technology in order to catch up with the fast development of the world. References Blois, K. , (2000), The Oxford textbook of marketing, New York:Oxford University Press Davidson, P. , Simon, A. , Gottdchalk, L. , Hunt, J. , Wood, G. Griffin, R. W. (2006), Management: Core concepts and skills. (Australian ed). Australia: Wiley Hays, S. , (2000), The story of Nike, Minnesota: Smart Apple Media Kotler, P. Adam,S. Brown, L. Armstrong, G. (2006). Principles of marketing. Australia: Pearson Education Australia. Li-Ning Company. (2008). Retrieved from: http://www. lining. com. Accessed: 16th Mar. , 2008 Nike Official. (2008). Retrieved from: http://www. nike. com. tw/g1/tw/. Accessed: 1st Aug, 2008 National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2008) Retrieved from: http://www. stats. gov. cn/. Accessed: June, 2008 Pride, W. , Thiele, S. R. , Waller, D. , Elliott, G. , Paladino, A. , Ferrell, O. , (2007), Marketing (Asia-Pacific ed), Brisbane: Wiley Shank, M. D. , (1999), Sports marketing: A Strategic Perspective, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Shilbury, D. , Quick, S. , Westerbeek, H. (2003), Strategic sport marketing(2nd ed). NSW Australia: Allen And Unwin Walker, C. O. Boyd, W. H. (1999). Marketing Strategy: Planning and implementation. (3rd ed). United States: McGraw Hill

Getting More From Volunteer Experience Essay Sample

Getting More From Volunteer Experience Essay SampleVolunteering experience essay sample can be a perfect tool for you if you are looking to get some extra work or if you are simply starting to look for such opportunities. There are a lot of students who will try to come up with the best means to go about finding different volunteer jobs and one of the best ways is to study the experiences of others who are already working. Here are some of the benefits that you can get out of reading volunteer experience essay sample.There is no doubt that volunteering can give you plenty of benefits and this is especially true if you are going to get the right kind of experience in the right place. But, what you need to know is that not all volunteer experiences are created equal. If you do your homework properly, you will get the chance to choose a different type of volunteer work that you really want to do. This is especially true if you know how to read some volunteering experience essay sample.T he good news is that there are already volunteers who have already found the type of work that they really wanted to do. So, all you need to do is to simply try your luck and see what works for you. You will be able to narrow down the kinds of volunteer work that you would like to do.You can find some really big companies that can offer volunteering experiences but most of the times you have to look in the right places. The best way to find out which organization has volunteer opportunities in the right place is to look at some volunteering experience essay sample. Many organizations are using volunteer experience essay sample as their guide for organizing the volunteer job fairs that they organize.Some people may find it hard to do the volunteer work because of the lack of experience. But, the truth is that you will be able to get more experienced once you start to read the volunteer experience essay sample that other people have written. So, you may consider it a way to develop yo ur skills for writing.One of the most important things that you should be aware of is that every experience that you will have with volunteers will determine whether or not you will get a good volunteer job or not. You will need to do your research before you get started in the volunteer work. You need to know the kind of experience that is available in the specific organization that you are joining. You also need to understand how the organization functions and how it can provide you with the experience that you want.As mentioned above, volunteering experience essay sample can be very helpful. It is always a great idea to compare different experiences that are available to you and decide which one you prefer. When you choose to take up a certain volunteer work that you are truly interested in you will not only be able to get more experience but you will also be able to make good friends that you can rely on in times of need.Before you get started in the volunteer work, you need to read the experiences of other people who have already gone through the same thing. After all, these experiences will help you get a better idea of what exactly you will be getting into. By doing so you will be able to start your volunteer work a little later on and will be able to avoid putting yourself in a position where you will regret the decision later on.